Table 1 Characteristic of mothers, infants, skin-to-skin contact practices and breastfeeding practices, Vietnam, 2021 (n = 1072)
Characteristic | Summary statistics n (%) |
|---|---|
Maternal characteristics | |
Age, years, mean ± SD | 29.8 ± 4.9 |
Education qualification (n = 1068) | |
- Primary school & Secondary school | 138 (12.9) |
- High school/intermediate degree | 586 (54.9) |
- University/postgraduate | 344 (32.2) |
Place of residence | |
- Urban | 617 (59.4) |
- Semi-urban | 422 (40.6) |
Parity, (mean ± SD) | 1.8 ± 0.75 |
- 1 | 339 (31.7) |
- 2 | 536 (50.0) |
- ≥ 3 | 196 (18.3) |
Complication during pregnancy and at birth (Yes) | 96 (0.9) |
Infant characteristics | |
Sex, female | 524 (49.0) |
Birth weight (Kg), mean ± SD | 3.2 (0.4) |
Cesarean section | 539 (50.4) |
Hospital of birth | |
- Central/Provincial | 728 (68.4) |
- District | 242 (22.7) |
- Private | 86 (8.1) |
- Commune | 8 (0.8) |
Complication at birth | 59 (5.6) |
- Required resuscitation in delivery room | 35 (3.3) |
- Admission to NICU | 24 (2.3) |
Skin-to-skin contact practice | |
Duration of skin-to-skin contact | |
- None | 136 (12.7) |
- < 15 min | 315 (29.5) |
- 15–90 min | 428 (40.1) |
- > 90 min | 189 (17.7) |
Had a first breastfeed during skin-to-skin contact | 499 (53.3) |
The way of breastfeeding infants | |
- Direct breastfeeding only | 655 (61.1) |
- Mixed feeding (direct and expressed breast milk) | 417 (38.9) |
Breastfeeding problem (Yes) | 174 (16.3) |
Exposed to formula advertising during pregnancy | |
- Often | 235 (23.6) |
- Sometimes | 551 (51.5) |
- Seldom | 266 (24.9) |
Received breastfeeding counselling (Yes) | 795 (74.2) |
Intention of feeding pattern during pregnancy | 795 (74.2) |
- Exclusive breastfeeding | 587 (54.8) |
- Combination of breast milk and formula | 468 (43.7) |
- Exclusive formula | 17 (1.5) |
Correctly defined exclusive breastfeeding | 665 (62.1) |
Correctly identified recommended duration of exclusive breastfeeding | 550 (51.3) |
Breastfeeding support in the workplace (Yes) | 340 (35.9) |
Breastfeeding practices for the first 6 months of life | |
- Exclusive breastfeeding | 152 (14.2) |
- Breastfeeding | 1055 (99.3) |
- Formula | 683 (63.7) |
- Colostrum milk powder | 209 (19.5) |
- Vitamin/ Medicines | 466 (43.5) |
- Water | 391 (36.5) |
- Fruit juices/ Honey | 138 (12.9) |
- Complementary feeding | 454 (42.4) |