World Health Organization, UNICEF: Baby-friendly hospital initiative: revised, updated and expanded for integrated care. Section 2. Strengthening and sustaining the baby-friendly hospital initiative: a course for decision-makers. WHO; 2009. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/43593/2/9789241594974_eng.pdf
World Health Organization: Evidence for the ten steps to successful breastfeeding. 1998.
Widström AM, Wahlberg V, Matthiesen AS, Eneroth P, Uvnäs-Moberg K, Werner S, et al. Short-term effects of early suckling and touch of the nipple on maternal behaviour. Early Hum Dev. 1990;21:153–63.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Edmond KM. Delayed breastfeeding initiation increases risk of neonatal mortality. Pediatrics. 2006;117:e380–6.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Edmond KM, Kirkwood BR, Amenga-Etego S, Owusu-Agyei S, Hurt LS. Effect of early infant feeding practices on infection-specific neonatal mortality: an investigation of the causal links with observational data from rural Ghana. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;86:1126–31.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Khan J, Vesel L, Bahl R, Martines JC. Timing of breastfeeding initiation and exclusivity of breastfeeding during the first month of life: effects on neonatal mortality and morbidity- a systematic review and meta-analysis. Matern Child Health J. 2015;19:468–79.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Boccolini CS, de Carvalho ML, de Oliveira MIC, Pérez-Escamilla R. Breastfeeding during the first hour of life and neonatal mortality. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2013;89:131–6.
Article
Google Scholar
Esteves TMB, Daumas RP, Oliveira MI, Andrade CA, Leite IC. Factors associated to breastfeeding in the first hour of life: systematic review. Rev Saude Publica. 2014;48:697–708.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
National Bureau of Statistics [Tanzania], ICF Macro. Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey 2010. Tanzania: NBS and ICF Macro; 2011.
Google Scholar
Lamberti LM, Walker CLF, Noiman A, Victora C, Black RE. Breastfeeding and the risk for diarrhea morbidity and mortality. BMC Public Health. 2011;11:S15.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bahl R, Frost C, Kirkwood BR, Edmond K, Martines J, Bhandari N, et al. Infant feeding patterns and risks of death and hospitalization in the first half of infancy: multicentre cohort study. Bull World Health Organ. 2005;83:418–26.
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lamberti LM, Zakarija-Grković I, Walker CLF, Theodoratou E, Nair H, Campbell H, et al. Breastfeeding for reducing the risk of pneumonia morbidity and mortality in children under two: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:S18.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ashraf RN, Jalil F, Zaman S, Karlberg J, Khan SR, Lindblad BS, et al. Breast feeding and protection against neonatal sepsis in a high risk population. Arch Dis Child. 1991;66:488–90.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bhutta ZA, Yusuf K. Early-onset neonatal sepsis in Pakistan: a case control study of risk factors in a birth cohort. Am J Perinatol. 1997;14:577–81.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ashraf RN, Jalil F, Khan SR, Zaman S, Karlberg J, Lindblad BS, et al. Early child health in Lahore, Pakistan: V. Feeding patterns. Acta Paediatr Suppl. 1993;82 Suppl 390:47–61.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Victora C. Infection and disease: The impact of early weaning. Food Nutr Bull. 1996;17:390–6.
Google Scholar
Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Breast cancer and breastfeeding: collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 47 epidemiological studies in 30 countries, including 50302 women with breast cancer and 96973 women without the disease. Lancet. 2002;360:187–95.
Article
Google Scholar
Luan N-N, Wu Q-J, Gong T-T, Vogtmann E, Wang Y-L, Lin B. Breastfeeding and ovarian cancer risk: a meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013;98:1020–31.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Toma TS, Rea MF. Benefícios da amamentação para a saúde da mulher e da criança: um ensaio sobre as evidências Benefits of breastfeeding for maternal and child health: an essay on the scientific evidence. Cad Saude Publica. 2008;24:S235–46.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gwinn ML, Lee NC, Rhodes PH, Layde PM, Rubin GL. Pregnancy, breast feeding, and oral contraceptives and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. J Clin Epidemiol. 1990;43:559–68.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS), ICF Macro. Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2008–09. Kenya: KNBS and ICF Macro; 2010.
Google Scholar
Central Statistical Agency [Ethiopia], ICF International. Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey 2011. Ethiopia: Central Statistical Agency and ICF International; 2012.
Google Scholar
Ministry of Health and Social Welfare (MOHSW) [Lesotho], ICF Macro. Lesotho Demographic and Health Survey 2009. Lesotho: MOHSW and ICF Macro; 2010.
Google Scholar
National Statistical Office (NSO), ICF Macro. Malawi Demographic and Health Survey 2010. Zomba, Malawi, and Calverton, Maryland, USA: NSO and ICF Macro; 2011.
El-Gilany AH, Sarraf B, Al-Wehady A. Factors associated with timely initiation of breastfeeding in Al-Hassa province, Saudi Arabia. East Mediterr Health J. 2012;18:250–4.
Sandor M, Dalal K. Influencing factors on time of breastfeeding initiation among a national representative sample of women in India. Health. 2013;5:2169–80.
Article
Google Scholar
Senarath U, Siriwardena I, Godakandage SSP, Jayawickrama H, Fernando DN, Dibley MJ. Determinants of breastfeeding practices: An analysis of the Sri Lanka Demographic and Health Survey 2006–2007. Matern Child Nutr. 2012;8:315–29.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Penfold S, Hill Z, Mrisho M, Manzi F, Tanner M, Mshinda H, et al. A large cross-sectional community-based study of newborn care practices in southern Tanzania. PLoS One. 2010;5:e15593.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rufiji Health and Demographic Surveillance Site, Tanzania. http://www.indepth-network.org/Profiles/rufiji_hdss_2013.pdf.
Ifakara HDSS, Tanzania. http://www.indepth-network.org/Profiles/Ifakara%20HDSS.pdf.
Ramsey K, Hingora A, Kante M, Jackson E, Exavery A, Pemba S, et al. The Tanzania Connect Project: a cluster-randomized trial of the child survival impact of adding paid community health workers to an existing facility-focused health system. BMC Health Serv Res. 2013;13:S6.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Exavery A, Kanté AM, Jackson E, Noronha J, Sikustahili G, Tani K, et al. Role of condom negotiation on condom use among women of reproductive age in three districts in Tanzania. BMC Public Health. 2012;12:1097.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
WHO: Early initiation of breastfeeding. http://www.who.int/elena/titles/early_breastfeeding/en/
Vyas S, Kumaranayake L. Constructing socio-economic status indices: how to use principal components analysis. Health Policy Plan. 2006;21:459–68.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Vittinghoff E, Shiboski SC, Glidden DV, McCulloch CE. Regression Methods in Biostatistics: Linear, Logistic, Survival, and Repeated Measures Models. New York: Springer Science + Business Media, Inc.; 2005.
Google Scholar
Mrisho M, Schellenberg JA, Mushi AK, Obrist B, Mshinda H, Tanner M, et al. Understanding home-based neonatal care practice in rural southern Tanzania. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2008;102:669–78.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Shirima R, Gebre-Medhin M, Greiner T. Information and socioeconomic factors associated with early breastfeeding practices in rural and urban Morogoro, Tanzania. Acta Paediatr. 2001;90:936–42.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Matthews MK. The relationship between maternal labour analgesia and delay in the initiation of breastfeeding in healthy neonates in the early neonatal period. Midwifery. 1989;5:3–10.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pérez-Escamilla R, Maulén-Radovan I, Dewey KG. The association between cesarean delivery and breast-feeding outcomes among Mexican women. Am J Public Health. 1996;86:832–6.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rowe-Murray HJ, Fisher JRW. Baby friendly hospital practices: cesarean section is a persistent barrier to early initiation of breastfeeding. Birth. 2002;29:124–31.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Victor R, Baines SK, Agho KE, Dibley MJ. Determinants of breastfeeding indicators among children less than 24 months of age in Tanzania: a secondary analysis of the 2010 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey. BMJ Open. 2013;3:e001529.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Boccolini CS, de Carvalho ML, de Oliveira MIC, Vasconcellos AGG. Factors associated with breastfeeding in the first hour of life. Rev Saude Publica. 2011;45:69–78.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kuyper E, Vitta B, Dewey K. Implications of cesarean delivery for breastfeeding outcomes and strategies to support breastfeeding. Alive Thrive Tech Brief. 2014;8:1–9.
Google Scholar
Family Health International (Organization), Joseph L, Mailman School of Public Health, UNICEF, United Nations Population Fund, World Health Organization. Monitoring emergency obstetric care: a handbook. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2009.
Google Scholar
Saaka M, Iddrisu M. Patterns and determinants of essential newborn care practices in rural areas of northern Ghana. Int J Popul Res. 2014;2014:e404387.
Google Scholar