- Research
- Open Access
Factors associated exclusive breastfeeding practices of urban women in Addis Ababa public health centers, Ethiopia: a cross sectional study
- Tigest Shifraw1Email author,
- Amare Worku1 and
- Yemane Berhane1
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13006-015-0047-4
© Shifraw et al. 2015
- Received: 27 March 2014
- Accepted: 28 June 2015
- Published: 7 July 2015
Abstract
Background
Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is the best nutrition for the children during the first 6 months of life, yet despite knowing the clear benefits, the practice of EBF is low. The aim of the study is to determine prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding practice and associated factors in Addis Ababa.
Methods
A facility based cross-sectional study with internal comparison was conducted among 648 mothers attending immunization sessions in all public health centers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, in February 2011. Prevalence of EBF was determined using ‘recall since birth’ method. Multiple logistic regression was used to adjust for confounding effects while determining the association between exclusive breastfeeding practice and selected factors.
Results
The prevalence of EBF under six months was 29.3 % (95 % CI 25.9, 32.9). Mothers whose monthly income 500 - 1000birr (US$56 - 113) were more likely to exclusively breastfeed than those who earn more than 1000birr (US$113) (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR] = 2.49; 95 % Confidence Interval [CI] 1.06, 5.88). Mothers who reported having antenatal counseling (AOR = 1.99; 95 % CI 1.16, 3.43) and postnatal counseling were more likely to exclusively breastfeed than those who did not have counseling (AOR = 2.12; 95 % CI 1.28, 3.54). Mothers who gave birth vaginally were more likely to exclusively breastfeed than those who had a Caesarean section (AOR = 2.40; 95 % CI 1.25, 4.61).
Conclusions
The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding was low in Addis Ababa. Mothers’ income, antenatal and postnatal counseling and mode of delivery were found to be associated with EBF practices. Recommendations include strengthening nutrition counseling during antenatal and postnatal sessions, further exploring the barriers to EBF for higher income mothers and offering continuous assistance and safe pain relief medication for mothers who gave birth by caesarean section.
Keywords
- Exclusive breastfeeding
- Addis Ababa
- Ethiopia
Background
Suboptimal breastfeeding practices, especially non-exclusive breastfeeding in the first six months of life, are contributing to the burden of childhood diseases and mortality [1–3] and is responsible for 45 % of neonatal infectious deaths, 30 % of diarrheal deaths and 18 % of acute respiratory deaths [4]. Exclusive breastfeeding can significantly reduce the number of under five deaths in Africa, especially Sub-Saharan Africa where 41 % of deaths occur mainly due to inadequate breastfeeding practices in combination with high levels of disease [5].
World Health Organization recommends that infants start breastfeeding within one hour of life, and be exclusively breastfed for six months, with timely introduction of adequate, safe and appropriate complementary foods while continuing breastfeeding for up to two years of age or beyond [6]. Exclusive breastfeeding means that the infant receives only breast milk. No other liquids or solids are given, with the exception of oral drops of vitamins, minerals or medicines [7].
One of the major causes of malnutrition in Ethiopia is inappropriate child feeding practices and half (52 %) of infants less than six months old were exclusively breastfed [8]. Exclusive breast milk feeding for the first six months of an infant’s life is associated with lower rates of gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases, otitis media and allergies, better visual acuity, speech and cognitive development [9, 10].
Despite its demonstrated benefits, EBF duration in many countries including Ethiopia are lower than the international recommendation of exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life, especially in urban areas [11, 12]. Strategies to protect, promote, and support exclusive breastfeeding are needed at the national, health center and community levels [13].
The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of EBF under six months and the potential factors associated with the practice/duration of EBF among women in Addis Ababa.
Methods
Facility based cross-sectional study with internal comparison was performed in all public health centers in Addis Ababa, capital city of Ethiopia, in February 2011. The source population is all mothers with children eligible for vaccination in Addis Ababa. The study population included all mothers who attended a public health center for their children’s measles vaccination at nine months of age and the inclusion criteria were mothers who attended a public health center for their children’s measles vaccination during the data collection period.
The sample size was calculated by using a single population proportion formula considering the following assumptions: based on Ethiopian DHS 2011 prevalence of 52 % EBF, with 95 % confidence level and 4 % marginal error. Allowing for a 10 % non-response rate the total planned sample size was 660.
Data were collected using interviewer administered structured questionnaire. The questionnaire was adapted from the child health module of the Ethiopian DHS 2005 and other large-scale National Community Based Nutrition surveys. It assessed the study participants socio-demographic, reproductive and health service characteristics. The questionnaire was prepared in English and translated to Amharic by a panel of public health experts to check its consistency and conceptual equivalence.
Ten nurses were recruited as data collectors and they were trained for three days by the principal investigator on the objective of the study tool and data collection procedures. The interviews were conducted in the compound of a health facility after the mother received the service from immunization room. Each interview took about 15 min on average.
In the Addis Ababa health bureau there are ten sub cities and under these 27 public health centers available. All health centers except one were included in this study and the excluded health center was used for pretesting. The sample was proportionally allocated for each health center based on the number of children came for vaccination previous year.
All mothers who came to each facility for their children’s measles vaccination were invited and included until the required number obtained. The routine delivery of the health service was not disrupted during data collection period.
The principal investigator supervised the data collection regularly. Data were edited and coded manually before entering in to computer software. Double entry was done to reduce error during data entry.
The investigator used “since birth” method to calculate the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding. The analysis was performed with the SPSS version 15 software package. The prevalence of EBF was calculated by taking mothers whose children were fed only breast milk until six months of age as numerator and all children nine months old whose mothers were interviewed as denominator. Sociodemographic and health service factor were presented with numbers and percentages. Bivariate and multivariate analysis was done to see association between EBF and factors to control for confounders respectively. All variables with p-value < 0.2 were entered in the multiple logistic model. The association was presented using crude and adjusted odds ratio with 95 % confidence interval. A p-value of < 0.05 was taken to be statistically significant.
Ethical approval was obtained from the University of Gondar. The necessary permission and letter of support to all the study health centers were obtained from Addis Ababa Region Health Bureau. Informed consent was obtained from each study participant after explaining the purpose of the study and assuring confidentiality of their responses. Participating in this research was on a voluntary basis and the risks were minimal.
Definition of terms
Exclusive breastfeeding since birth
An infant fed only breast milk from the mother or expressed breast milk, and not fed on any other liquids or solids with the exception of drops or syrups consisting of vitamins, mineral supplements, or medicines till six months.
Predominant breastfeeding
The infant’s predominant source of nourishment has been breast milk. However, the infant may also have received water and water-based drinks (sweetened and flavored water, teas, infusions, etc.), fruit juice, oral rehydration salts solution (ORS), drop and syrup forms of vitamins, minerals and medicines, and ritual foods (in limited quantities). With the exception of fruit and sugar water, no food-based fluid is allowed under this definition.
Partial breastfeeding
Giving a baby some breastfeeds, and some artificial feeds, either milk or cereal, or other food.
No breast milk
The infant receives no breast milk.
Results
Sociodemographic characteristics
Sociodemographic characteristics of participants (n = 648) in Addis Ababa public health centers, 2011
Variables | Number | Valid % | |
|---|---|---|---|
Marital status | Single | 34 | 5.3 |
Married | 600 | 92.7 | |
Divorced\separated or widowed | 13 | 2.0 | |
Maternal age | 15 - 24 | 244 | 37.9 |
25 - 34 | 351 | 54.5 | |
≥35 | 49 | 7.6 | |
Religion | Orthodox Christian | 428 | 66.0 |
Protestant | 64 | 9.9 | |
Catholic | 11 | 1.7 | |
Muslim | 145 | 22.4 | |
Ethnicity | Oromo | 128 | 19.8 |
Amhara | 270 | 41.7 | |
Tigre | 32 | 4.9 | |
Gurage/Silte | 191 | 29.5 | |
Other | 27 | 4.2 | |
Maternal education | Illiterate | 151 | 23.3 |
Primary | 265 | 41.0 | |
Secondary | 149 | 23.0 | |
Above secondary | 82 | 12.7 | |
Paternal education | Illiterate | 58 | 9.0 |
Primary | 208 | 32.2 | |
Secondary | 229 | 35.4 | |
Above secondary | 151 | 23.4 | |
Maternal working status | Working | 248 | 38.3 |
Not working | 400 | 61.7 | |
Workplace | Home | 38 | 15.6 |
Outside home | 188 | 77.4 | |
Home & outside | 17 | 7.0 | |
Maternal income per month | < 500 birr (US$56) | 456 | 73.8 |
500 - 1000 birr (US$56 – 112) | 92 | 14.9 | |
> 1000 birr (US$112) | 70 | 10.7 | |
Number of living children | 1 | 356 | 55.0 |
2 | 204 | 31.5 | |
≥ 3 | 87 | 13.4 | |
Health service related characteristics
Ninety seven percent received antenatal care during their last pregnancy. Fifty one percent attended a health center for greater than three visits and nurses provided antenatal care for 84 %; 54 % delivered at a health centers.
Health service related characteristics of participants (n = 648) in Addis Ababa public health centers, 2011
Variables | Number | Percent | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Attended ANC | Yes | 630 | 97.4 | |
No | 17 | 2.6 | ||
Place of ANC | Government hospital | 35 | 5.6 | |
Health center | 535 | 85.1 | ||
Private health facility | 59 | 9.4 | ||
Type of ANC provider | Doctor (626) | Yes | 106 | 16.9 |
No | 520 | 83.1 | ||
Nurse/Midwife (625) | Yes | 527 | 84.3 | |
No | 98 | 15.7 | ||
Number of ANC visits | ≤3 visits | 307 | 49.2 | |
>3 visits | 317 | 50.8 | ||
Breastfeeding information provided during ANC | Yes | 473 | 73.8 | |
No | 168 | 26.2 | ||
Index child place of birth | At home | 55 | 8.5 | |
Government hospital | 163 | 25.2 | ||
Health center | 350 | 54.1 | ||
Private hospital/clinic | 59 | 9.1 | ||
Other | 20 | 3.1 | ||
Child ever breastfed | Yes | 638 | 98.5 | |
No | 10 | 1.5 | ||
Exclusive breastfeeding since birth | Yes | 186 | 29.3 | |
No | 449 | 70.7 | ||
Colostrum given | Yes | 536 | 82.7 | |
No | 112 | 17.3 | ||
Breastfeeding initiation | <1 hour | 483 | 80.6 | |
1 - 2 hours | 40 | 6.7 | ||
2 - 23 hours | 59 | 9.8 | ||
>24 hours | 17 | 2.8 | ||
Child ever been given expressed breast milk | Yes | 92 | 14.2 | |
No | 555 | 85.8 | ||
Postnatal follow-up | Yes | 416 | 64.2 | |
No | 232 | 35.8 | ||
Postnatal counseling on child feeding received | Yes | 440 | 68.2 | |
No | 205 | 31.8 | ||
Prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding practice at six months
The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding since birth was 186/635 (29.3 %) (95 % CI 25.9, 32.9), predominant breastfeeding 44.3 %, partial breastfeeding 24.9 % and no breastfeeding 1.5 %.
In multivariate analysis, mothers’ income, recieving antenatal and postnatal counseling about infant feeding, and mode of delivery were independent factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding practice. Other sociodemographic factors including maternal age, maternal education, father’s income and number of children were not significantly associated with six month of exclusive breastfeeding practice.
Factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding practice among participants (n = 648) in Addis Ababa public health centers, 2011
Variables | EBF (Yes) | EBF (No) | Crude Odds Ratio (95 % CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95 % CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal occupation | Working | 45 | 144 | 1.00 | |
Not working | 133 | 276 | 0.67 (0.46, 0.96) | ||
Maternal income | Low | 130 | 319 | 2.41 (1.13, 5.19)* | 1.97 (0.91,4.31) |
Middle | 29 | 58 | 1.97 (1.02, 3.78)* | 2.49 (1.06, 5.88)* | |
High | 12 | 58 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Place of work | Home | 40 | 141 | 0.59 (0.39, 0.89)* | |
Outside home/both | 146 | 307 | 1.00 | ||
Antenatal counseling about breastfeeding | Yes | 156 | 307 | 2.50 (1.59, 3.93)** | 1.99 (1.16, 3.43)* |
No | 28 | 138 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Mode of delivery | Vaginal | 158 | 321 | 2.11 (1.21, 3.64)** | 2.40 (1.25, 4.61)** |
C - section | 18 | 77 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Place of birth | Health center | 121 | 224 | 3.00 (1.42, 6.3)** | |
Gov. hospital | 41 | 120 | 1.89 (0.86,4.19) | ||
Private health facility | 15 | 51 | 1.63 (0.66,4.08) | ||
Home | 9 | 50 | 1.00 | ||
Postnatal counseling about infant feeding | Yes | 154 | 278 | 2.91 (1.89, 4.45)** | 2.12 (1.28, 3.54)** |
No | 32 | 168 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Discussion
Exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life is the optimal way to feed infants and there are many benefits of breastfeeding [6]. In this study, we found the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding practice was 29.3 %. In multivariate analysis, maternal income, antenatal counseling about breastfeeding, mode of delivery and postnatal counseling about infant feeding were significantly associated with the EBF practice.
The 29 % prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding at six months of age was lower than that found in the Bahir Dar study [14]. The prevalence of predominant breastfeeding was 44.3 % which is my result finding not Bahir Dar study and it's equivalent to Ethiopian Demographic Health survey 2011 EBF national figure [8]. The DHS calculated exclusive breastfeeding over a 24 h recall period but this study, as in the Bahir Dar study, used recall since birth. Recall since birth is consistent with the World Health Definition of EBF and is useful to link infant feeding patterns with vertical transmission of diseases or latter development of infant allergy. On the other hand, the reporting of the previous 24 h appears to exaggerate the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding at six months [15].
Maternal income was significantly associated with EBF practice in this study. In other studies there was no relation of EBF with the income of mother [14]. This study indicates that when the mother earned a high income, the rate of exclusive breastfeeding decreased. A possible explanation for this finding is that women with higher income are less likely to stay home during the day time and that may compromise the practice of exclusive breastfeeding. Another factor may be that infant formula and cow milk are not affordable unless the family have higher income.
Exclusive breastfeeding practice was associated with breastfeeding counseling during antenatal visits and postnatal visits, but not with the number of ANC visits. Similar findings were observed in Bahir Dar, Debre Markos northwest Ethiopia, India and Tanzania. Mothers informed about breastfeeding at the antenatal clinic had better feeding practices. Residing in an urban area might be a proxy measure of receiving greater exposure to information from different media channels or greater utilization of health services with staff better trained on infant feeding [14, 16, 17]. This shows that counseling at the facility is important to improve maternal knowledge and breastfeeding practices.
This study revealed that mothers who gave birth vaginally were more likely to practice EBF than those who gave birth by cesarean section. This finding was consistent with a study from Bahir Dar [14]. This could be due to the pain the mother experiences and may delay giving of breast milk and start other formula or cow milk in the first few days to the baby.
We might have introduced recall bias as we sought information about breastfeeding from the mothers since the time of birth. The finding of this study may under estimate the prevalence of EBF practice as the method included all infants as no longer exclusively breastfed as soon as anything else is fed to them. We can generalize the findings for Addis Ababa and other similar settings as the study respondents were drawn from all health centers of Addis Ababa.
Conclusion
The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding practice is low. Having antenatal and postnatal counseling about breastfeeding, mother income and mode of delivery were found to be associated with better exclusive breastfeeding practice. Therefore, we suggest strengthening the nutrition counseling during antenatal and postnatal sessions, offering continuous assistance and safe pain relief medication for mothers who gave birth by caesarean section and exploring further the barriers to EBF for higher income mothers.
Abbreviations
- AOR:
-
Adjusted odds ratio
- CI:
-
Confidence interval
- DHS:
-
Demographic and health survey
- EBF:
-
Exclusive breastfeeding
- WHO:
-
World Health Organization
Declarations
Acknowledgments
We would like to acknowledge Addis Continental Institute of Public Health for funding this research. We would also like to express our thanks to the mothers who participated in this study.
Authors’ Affiliations
References
- Lakati AS, Makokha OA, Binns CW, Kombe Y. The effect of pre-lacteal feeding on full breastfeeding in Nairobi, Kenya. East Afr J Public Health. 2010;7(3):258–62.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Ogbo FA, Agho KE, Page A. Determinants of suboptimal breastfeeding practices in Nigeria: evidence from the 2008 demographic and health survey. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:259.View ArticlePubMed CentralPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Setegn T, Belachew T, Gerbaba M, Deribe K, Deribew A, Biadgilign S. Factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding practices among mothers in Goba district, south east Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. Int Breastfeed J. 2012;7:17.View ArticlePubMed CentralPubMedGoogle Scholar
- World Health Organization. Learning from large-scale community-based program to improve breastfeeding practices. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008.Google Scholar
- World Health Organization. Global health risks: mortality and burden of disease attributabel to selected major risks. Geneva: World Health organization; 2009.Google Scholar
- Kramer MS, Kakuma R. The optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding, a systematic review. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2002.Google Scholar
- World Health Organization. e-Library of Evidence for Nutrition Actions (eLENA). 2015; http://www.who.int/elena/titles/exclusive_breastfeeding/en/.
- Central Statistical Agency [Ethiopia] and ICF International. Ethiopia demograhic and health survey 2011. Addis Ababa: Central Statistical Agency and ICF International; 2012.Google Scholar
- Lumbiganon P, Martis R, Laopaiboon M, Festin MR, Ho JJ, Hakimi M. Antenatal breastfeeding education for increasing breastfeeding duration. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;11, CD006425.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Woldie TG, Kassa AW, Edris M. Assessment of exclusive breastfeeding practice and associated factors in Mecha district, North West Ethiopia. SJPH. 2014;2(4):330–6.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- UNICEF - Press center. Desirable rate of exclusive breastfeeding, still a distant goal in most of the Arab world. 2005; http://www.unicef.org/media/media_27854.html.
- Alemayehu T, Haidar J, Habte D. Determinants of exclusive breastfeeding practices in Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Dev. 2009;23(1):12–8.Google Scholar
- UNICEF. Tracking progress on child and maternal nutrition: A survival and development priority. New York: UNICEF; 2009.Google Scholar
- Seid AM, Yesuf ME, Koye DN. Prevalence of Exclusive Breastfeeding practices and associated factors among mothers in Bahir Dar City, Northwest Ethiopia: a community based cross-sectional study. Int Breastfeed J. 2013;8:14.View ArticlePubMed CentralPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Greiner T. Exclusive breastfeeding meaurement and indicators. Int Breastfeed J. 2014;9:18.View ArticlePubMed CentralPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Shirima R, Gebre-Medhin M, Greiner T. Information and socioeconomic factors associated with early breastfeeding practices in rural and urban Morogoro, Tanzania. Acta Paediatr. 2001;90:936–42.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Mekuria G, Edris M. Exclusive breastfeeding and associated factors among mothers in debre markos, northwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. Int Breastfeed J. 2015;10:1.View ArticlePubMed CentralPubMedGoogle Scholar
Copyright
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
