The investigation of serum phenylalanine levels based on infant feeding method: a cross-sectional study of children less than two years old with phenylketonuria (PKU)

Mohammadzadeh, Zaniar; Sharifi, Loghman; Fatholahpour, Asadolah; Bazshahi, Elham

doi:10.1186/s13006-024-00617-0

International Breastfeeding Journal

Table 1 Demographic characteristics of infants with phenylketonuria

From: The investigation of serum phenylalanine levels based on infant feeding method: a cross-sectional study of children less than two years old with phenylketonuria (PKU)

Variable		Breastfed group (n = 13)					Non- breastfed group (n = 21)
	Ks test	Mean ± SD	P25	Median	P75	Range (minimum–maximum)	Mean ± SD	P25	Median	P75	Range (minimum–maximum)	DF	P^*	test value
Diagnosis age (day)	0.001	23.8 ± 22.4	11.5	20.0	30.0	108 (7–115)	20.5 ± 9.7	14.5	20.0	30.0	37 (3–40)	34	0.97	135.5
Plasma Phe level at diagnosis (mg/dL)	0.004	10 ± 5.44	6.50	8.20	12.8	20 (4–24)	14.3 ± 10.2	7.00	11.2	17.2	32 (5–37)	34	0.18	99.0
Last Phe level (mg/dL)	0.001	4.89 ± 3.68	3.10	3.90	5.30	17 (2–19)	3.76 ± 2.10	2.80	3.80	4.55	6 (1–7)	34	0.51	118.0
Age at initiation of dietary therapy (d)	0.001	99.3 ± 147.76 (16–456)	20.0	30.0	124.0	440 (16–456)	65.5 ± 84.2 (10–366)	30.0	30.0	53.5	356 (10–366)	34	0.80	129.5
Age at the time of metabolic control (d)	0.001	131.31 ± 146.92 (46–486)	52.0	65.0	155.0	440 (46–486)	98.5 ± 83.9 (40–396)	60.0	65.0	96.0	356 (40–396)	34	0.83	130.5
Time from initiation of diet to metabolic control (d)	0.001	31.6 ± 3.12 (30–40)	30.0	30.0	33.0	10 (30–40)	31.6 ± 2.2 (30–35)	30.0	30.0	34.0	5 (30–35)	34	0.80	130.5
Gender (%)												1	0.60	0.273
Male		5 (38.5)					10 (47.6)
Female		8 (61.5)					11 (52.4)
Parental consanguinity, n (%)												1	0.85	0.035
Yes		6 (46.2)					9 (42.9)
No		7 (53.8)					12 (57.1)
Income (%)^**												1	0.052	5.93
Low		3 (23.1)					12 (57.1)
Moderate		6 (46.2)					8 (38.1)
High		4 (30.8)					1 (4.8)
Place of residence, n (%)												1	0.08	2.93
Urban		12 (92.3)					14 (66.7)
Rural		1 (7.7)					7 (33.3)
Maternal education level, n (%)												3	0.03	34.4
No education		2 (15.4)					5 (23.8)
Primary school		1 (7.7)					6 (28.6)
Diploma		7 (53.8)					8 (38.1)
University		3 (23.1)					2 (9.5)
Initial postpartum		10 (76.9)					21 (100)					3	< 0.001	34.0
< 1month		2 (15.3)					0
> 1month		1 (7.8)					0
Duration of Breastfeeding, n (%)												3	< 0.001	34.0
< 1 month		1 (7.6)					21 (100)
6 month		3 (23)					0
12 month		4 (30.7)					0
24 month		5 (38.7)					0

The p-value is considered significant at < 0.05
KS Kolmogorov–Smirnov, SD standard deviation, DF degrees of freedom, p25 25th percentile, p75 75th percentile. Data are presented as means and standard deviation, median (minimum–maximum), range, and 25th -75th centiles
^*P values result from Mann–Whitney U test for continuous variables and χ2 test for categorical variables
^**Income levels were classified based on the salary of the head of household in three categories (low: < 50,000,000 Rial, moderate: 50,000,000–1,50,000,000 Rial, and high: > 1,50,000,000 Rial)

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