Impact of breastfeeding during infancy on functional constipation at 3 years of age: the Japan Environment and Children’s Study

Table 3 Odds ratio and 95% confidence interval of associations between exclusive breastfeeding and functional constipation at 3 years of age

	Without functional constipation, n	With functional constipation, n (%)	Model 1	Model 2
	n = 61,960	n = 8,118 (11.6)	adjusted OR (95%CI)	adjusted OR (95% CI)
Breastfeeding status at 1 month of age
Breastfeeding exclusively (reference)	35,192	4,173 (10.6)	1.00	1.00
Partial breastfeeding	24,767	3,631 (12.8)	1.17 (1.11, 1.23)	1.17 (1.11, 1.23)
Formula feeding only	2,001	314 (13.6)	1.23 (1.08, 1.41)	1.23 (1.07, 1.40)
Breastfeeding status at 6 months of age
Breastfeeding exclusively (reference)	25,603	2,921 (10.2)	1.00	1.00
Partial breastfeeding	35,190	4,985 (12.4)	1.18 (1.12, 1.24)	1.18 (1.12, 1.24)
Formula feeding only	1,167	212 (15.4)	1.42 (1.21, 1.68)	1.42 (1.20, 1.68)

Breast feeding exclusively was defined as feeding with breast milk only. Formula feeding only was defined as feeding with infant formula only. Partial breastfeeding referred to feeding with any combination of breast milk and infant formula. Breastfeeding status referred to feeding methods related to milk, and did not take into account whether or not solid food was also provided
Model 1 was adjusted for demographic and prenatal covariates, including maternal age at delivery, pre-pregnancy body mass index, maternal gestational weight gain, maternal highest age of education, annual household income during pregnancy, marital status, and parity
Model 2 was adjusted for the covariates in model 1 in addition to covariates after birth, including cesarean section at delivery, birth weight, gender, and started solid baby food by 6 months of age
OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval

ISSN: 1746-4358