Table 2 Overview demands to enhance breastfeeding behaviour and their corresponding COM-B component and TDF domain

Capability

Memory, attention and decision process

Understanding infants’ cues and identifying problems

Develop capability to read cues and identify abnormal infant behaviors so that can react promptly when challenges arise.

Knowledge & skills

Breastfeeding knowledge accumulation and skills training

16 learning demands, of which the lactation education and breast pump selection guidance were the most frequently mentioned. Face-to-face, systematic, staffed and plain course.

Educational resource that integrated text, image, and video modes.

Physical opportunity

Environmental context and resource

Cleanliness and quietness in the household environment

A clean and quiet household environment during postpartum recovery period.

Breastfeeding support in workplaces

Breastfeeding support in hospitals

Tools for breast milk storage, privacy lactation spaces, and flexible schedule for lactation in workplaces

Private lactation spaces and tools for breast milk expression and storage in hospitals

Social opportunity

Social influences

Partner and family support

Family members share responsibility and have close collaboration to care for the infant.

Peer support

Practical and emotional support provided by experienced mothers.

Authoritative support from healthcare providers

Authoritative affirmation given by healthcare workers when women’s own breastfeeding advocacy was dismissed by family members.

Reflective motivation

Beliefs about consequences

Information about the health impacts of breastfeeding

Information on the health impacts of breastfeeding for mothers and infants, respectively.

Automatic motivation

Emotion

Maternal-infant bonding

Information about infant when separated by pictures, videos, phone call or internet.

Free of aversive stimulus

No questioning and pressure but respect and comfort.