Breastfeeding is associated with reduced risks of central obesity and hypertension in young school-aged children: a large, population-based study

Table 5 Risk ratios of adverse health outcomes in the first grade in primary school for children who were ever breastfed

Outcomes	Children who were never exclusively breastfed (n = 2202)	Children who were exclusively breastfed for one to five months (n = 1658)			Children who were exclusively breastfed for six months (n = 1495)
Outcomes	Reference	Adjusted RR	95% CI	P-value	Adjusted RR	95% CI	P-value
Overweight or obesity	1.00	0.94	0.82, 1.08	0.41	0.94	0.82, 1.08	0.37
Obesity		0.86	0.66, 1.12	0.26	0.95	0.73, 1.23	0.69
Central obesity defined by the 90th waist circumference percentile		0.78	0.64, 0.95	0.01	0.83	0.66, 1.04	0.11
Central obesity defined by WHTR ≥ 0.5		0.76	0.60, 0.96	0.02	0.73	0.55, 0.96	0.03
Elevated systolic blood pressure or stage 1 & 2 hypertension		1.04	0.91, 1.18	0.60	1.03	0.91, 1.18	0.63
Stage 1 & 2 hypertension - systolic blood pressure		1.09	0.92, 1.29	0.32	1.02	0.86, 1.21	0.83
Elevated diastolic blood pressure or stage 1 & 2 hypertension		1.10	0.97, 1.25	0.14	1.11	0.98, 1.26	0.11
Stage 1 & 2 hypertension - diastolic blood pressure		1.11	0.90, 1.38	0.32	1.22	0.99, 1.50	0.07

CI: confidence interval; RR: risk ratio; WHTR: waist-to-height ratio
Full model adjusted for sex, age at the health check, birth weight, delivery mode, maternal age, and parental education levels. For the outcomes of central obesity and blood pressure, we also adjusted the BMI value obtained at the children’s first school health check

ISSN: 1746-4358