Table 3 Summary, Quality Assessment, and Study Design of Secondary School Articles Reviewed
Study population | Study quality | Questionnaire | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
First author & year | Country | N (% female) | Age or class type | Type (MMAT rating) | Designed by & setting | Topics covered |
Alnasir [26], 1992 | Bahrain | 100 (100) | Age 15 to 17 | Quantitative descriptive (4.1, 4.2, 4.4) | Researcher designed questionnaire and individual interviews | Knowledge Attitude Intention Breast milk fed Personal exposure |
Bailey [55], 2007 | England | 92 (100) | Age 14 to 15 | Quantitative non-randomized (3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4) | Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale and researcher designed questionnaire. Self-administered in a classroom in the presence of researcher | Attitude |
Bomba [45], 2009 | United States | 510 (76) | University of Mississippi family and consumer science class students | Quantitative descriptive (4.3) | Researcher designed questionnaire, based on literature. Self-administered in classroom | Knowledge Public breastfeeding Sources of information |
Connolly [25], 1998 | Ireland | 177 (35) | Age 16 to 19 | Mixed methods (1.1, 1.2) (4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4) (5.1, 5.2) | Researcher designed questionnaire based on TRA and TPB. Self-administered | Knowledge Attitude Intention Personal exposure Sources of information |
Forrester [38], 1997 | United States | 590 (69) | 346 age 13 to 19 (high school), 244 age 17 to 43 (college) | Quantitative descriptive (4.1, 4.2, 4.3) | Researcher designed Questionnaire. Self-administered, teacher supervised | Attitude Intention Breast milk fed Public breastfeeding Sources of information Education in schools |
Frew [48], 2005 | United States | 37 (unknown) | High school students (age not given) | Quantitative descriptive (4.1, 4.2, 4.3) | Questionnaire adapted from a K-12 breastfeeding curriculum. Self-administered in school auditorium prior to presentation on breastfeeding | Knowledge Attitude Public breastfeeding |
Gale [10], 2013 | England | 81 (60) | Age 13 to 15 | Quantitative descriptive (4.1, 4.3) | Researcher designed questionnaire. Self-administered in presence of health teacher. Participants voluntarily attended a session during school break. | Knowledge Attitude Intention Personal exposure Sources of information Education in schools |
Giles [36], 2007 | Northern Ireland | Qualitative: 48 (54) Quantitative: 121 (50) | Age 13 to 14 | Mixed methods (1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4) (4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4) (5.1, 5.2, 5.3) | Researcher designed and led focus groups based on TPB / Researcher designed questionnaire based on TPB and modal beliefs elicited in semi-formatted focus groups. Self-administered in classroom in presence of researcher | Knowledge Attitude Intention Personal exposure Public breastfeeding |
Giles [22], 2010 | Northern Ireland | 2021 (58) | Age 13 to 14 | Quantitative descriptive (4.1, 4.2, 4.3) | Researcher designed questionnaire based on TPB and modal beliefs elicited in semi-formatted focus groups. Self-administered in the presence of the researcher | Knowledge Attitude Intention Personal exposure Public breastfeeding Sources of information |
Giles [54], 2015 | Northern Ireland | Qualitative: 48 (54) Quantitative: 2021 (58) | Age 13 to 14 | Mixed methods (1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4) (4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4) (5.1, 5.2, 5.3) | Researcher designed and led semi-formatted focus groups based on TPB. Researcher designed questionnaire based on TPB and modal beliefs elicited in focus groups. Self-administered in the presence of the researcher | Knowledge Attitude Intention Personal exposure Public breastfeeding Sources of information |
Giles [49], 2014 | Northern Ireland | 698 (not given) | Age 13 to 14 | Quantitative randomized (2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4) | Researcher designed and led semi formatted focus groups based on TPB. Researcher designed questionnaire based on TPB and modal beliefs elicited in focus groups. Self-administered in the presence of the researcher | Knowledge Attitude Intention Personal exposure Public breastfeeding Sources of information |
Gostling [27], 2003 | England | 217 (62) | Age 13 to 15 | Quantitative descriptive (4.1, 4.2, 4.4) | Researcher designed online questionnaire administered by technology teacher | Attitude Intention Breast milk fed Personal exposure Public breastfeeding |
Goulet [28], 2003 | Canada | 439 (54) | Age 12 to 19 | Quantitative descriptive (4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4) | Researcher designed questionnaire (based on TRA). Self-administered during class time | Attitude Breast milk fed Personal exposure Public breastfeeding |
Greene [40], 2003 | Northern Ireland | 419 (57) | Age 14 to 18 | Quantitative descriptive (4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4) | Researcher designed questionnaire (based on focus groups with pregnant women). Self-administered in school | Attitude Public breastfeeding Sources of information Education in schools |
Hadley [35], 2008 | Ethiopia | 2077 (49) | Age 13 to 17 | Quantitative descriptive (4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4) | Secondary analysis of survey data based on the WHO Infant and Young Child Feeding Behavior Model. Interview by researcher in home. | Knowledge Intention |
Ho [31], 2014 | Taiwan | 1319 (61) | Age 15 to 17 | Quantitative descriptive (4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4) | Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale. Self-administered, distributed to teachers | Attitude Intention Personal exposure Sources of information Education in schools |
Ho [56], 2016 | Taiwan | 204 (100) | Age 16+, mean 16.9 | Quantitative non-randomized (3.2, 3.3, 3.4) | Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale and researcher designed Breastfeeding Knowledge Scale. Self-administered in the classroom in the presence of the researcher | Knowledge Attitude Breast milk fed Personal exposure Sources of information |
Kapil [33], 1990 | India | 152 (100) | Adolescence (age not described) | Quantitative descriptive (4.1, 4.2, 4.4) | Researcher designed questionnaire. Read out loud and explained in classroom | Knowledge Attitude |
Kim [50], 1998 | Korea | 412 (100) | Age 16 | Quantitative non-randomized (3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4) | Adapted from previous questionnaires. Self-administered in the presence of the researcher | Attitude Intention Personal exposure |
Leffler [32], 2000 | United States | 100 (100) | Age 14 to 19 | Quantitative descriptive (4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4) | Researcher designed questionnaire. Self-administered after individual recruitment in cafeteria or supervised study periods | Attitude Intention Breast milk fed Personal exposure Public breastfeeding Education in schools |
Lockey [51], 2003 | England | 101 (48) | Age 13 to 15 | Mixed methods (1.1, 1.3) (4.2, 4.4) (5.2) | Open dialogue in focus groups | Knowledge Attitude |
Martens [52], 2001 | Canada | 45 (53) | Mean age 13 | Quantitative randomized (2.1, 2.3) | Questionnaire adapted from previous work with same population. Self-administered in classroom | Attitude Intention Breast milk fed Personal exposure Public breastfeeding |
Nkanginieme [29], 1993 | Nigeria | 824 (62) | Age 15 to 20 | Quantitative descriptive (4.1, 4.2, 4.4) | Researcher designed questionnaire, self-administered in classroom | Knowledge Attitude Intention Breast milk fed Personal exposure Public breastfeeding Sources of information |
November [57], 2013 | England | Age 13 to 16 | Mixed methods (1.1, 1.2, 1.3) (3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4) (5.1) | Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale. Anonymous written feedback. Self-administered in classroom. Qualitative responses at end of session on post-it notes in the presence of the researcher | Attitude Intention Breast milk fed | |
Ojofeitimi [37], 2001 | Nigeria | 34 (100) | Age 15 to 19 | Quantitative descriptive (4.1, 4.4) | Researcher designed questionnaire, self-administered in the presence of researcher | Knowledge Attitude |
Purtell [11], 1994 | England | 40 (100) | Age 16 to 17 | Quantitative descriptive (4.3, 4.4) | Researcher designed questionnaire, self-administered, half with the researcher, half without. | Attitude Intention Breast milk fed Personal exposure Education in schools |
Rasheed [30], 1994 | Saudi Arabia | 589 (100) | Age 16 to 19 | Quantitative descriptive (4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4) | Researcher designed questionnaire, self-administered | Knowledge Attitude Intention |
Seidel [39], 2013 | United States | 107 (77) | Age 14 to 19 | Quantitative non-randomized (3.1, 3.2) | Researcher designed questionnaire based on literature and TPB. Self-administered in the presence of researcher | Knowledge Attitude Intention |
Spear [43], 2007 | United States | 515 (65) | College students in general education and nursing courses | Mixed methods (1.2) (4.1, 4.3, 4.4) (5.2) | Researcher designed questionnaire, self-administered in presence of researcher | Attitude Intention Breast milk fed Public breastfeeding Sources of information Education in schools |
Swanson [34], 2006 | Scotland | 229 (54) | Ages 11 to 18 | Quantitative descriptive (4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4) | Researcher designed questionnaire based on other studies using TRA/TPB. Self-administered in presence of researcher | Knowledge Attitude Intention Breast milk fed Personal exposure Public breastfeeding |
Tjiang [44], 2001 | Australia | 136 (100) | University students using Indonesian student association mailing list | Quantitative descriptive (4.1, 4.2, 4.3) | Researcher designed- questionnaire generated from related literature. Self-administered postal survey | Knowledge Attitude Breast milk fed Personal exposure Sources of information |
Walsh [53], 2008 | Canada | 121 (66) | Age 15 to 19 | Quantitative non-randomized (3.2, 3.3, 3.4) | Researcher designed questionnaire, self-administered in presence of researcher | Knowledge Intention Breast milk fed Personal exposure Sources of information |
Yeo [41], 1994 | Japan and United States | 329 (100) 242 Japan, 87 US | Age 16 to 17 | Quantitative descriptive (4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4) | Questionnaire designed by another researcher (Berger 1980). Self- administered postal survey | Attitude Intention Breast milk fed Education in schools |
Zeller [42], 2016 | United States | 39 (13) | Age 12 to 13 | Quantitative non-randomized (3.2, 3.4) | Questionnaire designed by another researcher (Martens 2001). Self-administered in the presence of the researcher | Attitude Intention Breast milk fed Personal exposure Education in schools |