Table 3 Individual and community-level factors independently associated with bottle feeding among 0–23 months old children in east Africa (weighted n = 43,150)

Maternal age

15–24

14,595(90.83)

1,473(9.17)

1

1

25–34

16,969(88.85)

2,129(11.15)

1.25(1.14,1.37)

1.17(1.06,1.28) *

35–49

7,239(90.67)

745(9.33)

1.15(1.01,1.32)

1.06(0.92,1.21)

Maternal education

No education

8,334(93.33)

625(6.97)

0.77(0.70,0.86)

0.91(0.81,1.01)

Primary

20,417(93.37)

1,449(6.63)

0.45(0.41,0.48)

0.51(0.47,0.54) *

Secondary/higher

10,052(81.56)

2,273(18.41)

1

1

Mass media exposure

No

22,870(93.70)

1,538(6.30)

1

1

Yes

15,932(85.01)

2,809(14.99)

1.84(1.71,2.98)

1.64(1.53,1.77) *

Total children born

> 3

16,765(88.17)

2,250(11.83)

1

1

3–5

14,928(90.64)

1,542(9.36)

0.83(0.76,0.91)

0.86(0.79,0.95) *

≥ 6

7,110(92.76)

555(7.24)

0.82(0.71,0.94)

0.89(0.78,1.03)

Marital status

Never married

2,621(87.57)

372(12.73)

1

1

Married

26,320(89.76)

3,002(10.24)

1.06(0.89,1.21)

1.06(0.93,1.21)

Divorced/widowed

9,862(91.02)

973(8.98)

0.87(0.76,1.00)

0.88(0.77,1.02)

Place of delivery

Home

9,436(93.50)

656(6.50)

1

1

Health facility

29,367(88.84)

3,691(11.16)

1.14(1.04,1.24)

1.05(0.96,1.15)

Age at first birth

< 20

22,801(91.80)

2,037(8.20)

1

1

≥ 20

16,002(87.38)

2,310(12.62)

1.16(1.08,1.25)

1.17(1.09,1.26) *

Number of health visits

Once

29,946(90.49)

3,148(9.51)

1

1

More than one

8,857(88.08)

1,199(11.92)

1.39(1.29,1.49)

1.37(1.27,1.47) *

Twin status

Single

37,837(90.10)

4,156(9.90)

1

1

Multiple

966(83.50)

191(16.50)

1.48(1.24,1.77)

1.46(1.22,1.75) *

Child size

Average

20,728(89.56)

2,416(10.44)

1

1

Large

11,123(90.64)

1,149(9.36)

0.91(0.85,0.99)

0.92(0.85,0.98) *

Small

6,952(89.89)

782(10.11)

1.07(0.98,1.17)

1.09(0.99,1.20)

Child in months age

> 6

10,353(93.44)

727(6.56)

1

1

6–11

9,538(56.32)

1,512(13.68)

2.64(2.40,2.91)

2.67(2.42,2.94) *

12–23

18,911(89.97)

2,109(10.03)

1.83(1.67,2.01)

1.85(1.69,2.02) *

Child sex

Male

19,470(90.01)

2,160(9.99)

1

1

Female

19,332(89.84)

2,187(10.16)

0.96(0.90,1.02)

0.96(0.90,1.02)

Distance to health facility

Not big problem

22,317(87.95)

3,056(12.05)

1

1

Big problem

16,486(92.74)

1,291(7.26)

0.75(0.70,0.81)

0.84(0.78,0.91) *

Residence

Urban

6,941(80.30)

1,702(19.70)

1

1

Rural

31,862(92.34)

2,645(7.66)

0.36(0.34,0.39)

0.53(0.49,0.58) *

Community level Wealth

Low

19,279(88.01)

2,627(11.99)

1

1

High

19,524(91.90)

1,720(8.10)

1.17(1.04,1.31)

1.12(1.02,1.25) *

Community level distance to health facility

Low

19,123(88.50)

2,484(11.50)

1

1

High

19,680(91.35)

1,863(8.65)

0.85(0.77,0.95)

0.91(0.83,1.01)

Community ANC coverage

Low

20,390(91.02)

2,012(8.98)

1

1

High

18,413(88.75)

2,335(11.25)

1.31(1.18,1.46)

1.22(1.11,1.35) *

Community media exposure

Low

20,297(92.18)

1,722(7.82)

1

1

High

18,505(87.58)

2,625(12.42)

1.60(1.42,1.78)

1.36(1.23,1.52) *

Random parameters and model comparison

Community level variance

0.40

0.22

0.33

0.21

ICC (%)

10.84

6.40

8.99

5.81

Median OR (%)

1.83

1.56

1.73

1.55

PCV (%)

Reference

45

17.5

47.5

LLR

-14622.76

-13625.46

-14127.42

-13464.05

DIC

29,245.52

27,250.92

28,254.84

26,928.1

AIC

29249.53

27290.92

28268.83

27194.94