Breastmilk cadmium levels and estimated infant exposure: a multicenter study of associated factors in a resource-limited country

Shawahna, Ramzi; Saleh, Rana; Owiwi, Lina; Abdi, Aya; Bani-Odeh, Diana; Maqboul, Iyad; Hijaz, Hatim; Jaber, Mohammad

doi:10.1186/s13006-023-00574-0

International Breastfeeding Journal

Table 2 Breastmilk cadmium levels and estimated daily intake of cadmium according to participant characteristics

From: Breastmilk cadmium levels and estimated infant exposure: a multicenter study of associated factors in a resource-limited country

			Breastmilk cadmium level (μg / L)				Estimated daily intake (µg / kg per body weight / day)
Variable	n	%	Mean	SD	DF	p-value	Mean	SD	DF	p-value
Age (years)
< 30	164	64.1	0.30	0.02	254	0.02	0.05	0.05	254	0.03
≥ 30	92	35.9	0.40	0.04	254	0.02	0.07	0.07	254	0.03
Number of children
≤ 2	144	56.3	0.29	0.02	254	0.04	0.05	0.05	254	0.04
> 2	112	43.8	0.40	0.04	254	0.04	0.07	0.07	254	0.04
Age of child (months)
< 6	67	26.2	0.31	0.04	254	0.41	0.05	0.05	254	0.35
≥ 6	189	73.8	0.35	0.02	254	0.41	0.06	0.06	254	0.35
Employment status
Unemployed	238	93.0	0.31	0.02	254	0.00	0.05	0.05	254	0.00
Employed	18	7.0	0.74	0.15	254	0.00	0.13	0.11	254	0.00
Smoking status
Non-smoker	202	78.9	0.29	0.02	254	0.00	0.05	0.05	254	0.00
Smoker	54	21.1	0.51	0.07	254	0.00	0.09	0.08	254	0.00
Place of residence
Rural	135	52.7	0.22	0.02	253^a	0.00	0.04	0.00	253^a	0.00
Urban	104	40.6	0.43	0.02			0.07	0.00
Refugee camp	17	6.6	0.77	0.16			0.13	0.03
Living in the vicinity of an industrial area
Far (more than 500 m)	109	42.6	0.28	0.04	254	0.01	0.05	0.07	254	0.01
Near (within 500 m)	147	57.4	0.38	0.02	254	0.01	0.07	0.05	254	0.01
Household monthly income
Low	175	68.4	0.32	0.21	254	0.09	0.05	0.04	254	0.08
High	81	31.6	0.39	0.50	254	0.09	0.07	0.09	254	0.08
Educational status
School	225	87.9	0.33	0.02	254	0.23	0.06	0.05	254	0.23
University	31	12.1	0.41	0.08	254	0.23	0.07	0.08	254	0.23
Living in the vicinity of a main disposal of wastes
Far (more than 500 m)	236	92.2	0.29	0.01	254	0.00	0.05	0.03	254	0.00
Near (within 500 m)	20	7.8	0.97	0.16	254	0.00	0.17	0.13	254	0.00
Use of cosmetics
Less frequent (occasionally / rarely)	39	15.2	0.24	0.33	254	0.04	0.04	0.06	254	0.04
More frequent (daily / almost daily)	217	84.8	0.36	0.33	254	0.04	0.06	0.06	254	0.04
Use of hair dyes
Less frequent (never / once in a long while)	230	89.8	0.31	0.27	254	0.00	0.05	0.05	254	0.00
More frequent (usual)	26	10.2	0.58	0.61	254	0.00	0.10	0.11	254	0.00
Distance to the closest paint shop
Far (more than 500 m)	226	88.3	0.32	0.02	254	0.00	0.06	0.05	254	0.00
Near (within 500 m)	30	11.7	0.50	0.11	254	0.00	0.09	0.11	254	0.00
Peeling / chipping house paint
No	208	81.3	0.32	0.02	254	0.04	0.06	0.05	254	0.03
Yes	48	18.8	0.43	0.06	254	0.04	0.07	0.08	254	0.03
Use of vitamins
Less frequent (never / once in a long while)	158	61.7	0.41	0.39	254	0.00	0.07	0.07	254	0.00
More frequent (usual)	98	38.3	0.23	0.12	254	0.00	0.04	0.02	254	0.00

^aWithin groups
DF Degree of freedom

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ISSN: 1746-4358

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