Table 2 Cardiometabolic risk factors at three years postpartum in women and offspring at age 3
Anthropometric and hemodynamic variables at three years | |||
|  | Breastfed for at least six months (n = 70) | Did not breastfeed for at least six months (n = 74) | Effect Size (MD, 95% CI)^ |
 BMI (kg/m2) | 28.4 (8) | 31.6 (10.2) | -3.34 (6.5, -0.2) |
 Fat mass (kg) | 29.1 (17.3) | 36.4 (19.3) | 1.2 (-3.7, 6.1) |
 Waist circumference (cm) | 88.6 (20.6) | 95.9 (20.5) | -9.1 (-17.8, -0.2) |
 Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 119.0 (12.7) | 122.5 (14.6) | -6.5 (-10.8, -2.2) |
 Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 66.9 (9.3) | 70.2 (11.3) | -5.1 (-8.3, -1.7) |
 Mean arterial pressure (mmHg) | 80.8 (9.8) | 85.1 (14.1) | -5.2 (-9.1, -1.1) |
 Augmentation Index (%) | 53.1 (18) | 56.7 (22.8) | 3.4 (-4.3, 9.1) |
 Central systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 109.4 (11.9) | 111.9 (13.9) | -4.9 (-9.1, -0.9) |
 Central diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 69.6 (9.4) | 73.1 (11.8) | -5.4 (-8.7, -2.0) |
Fasting blood values | |||
|  | Breastfed for at least six months (n = 24) | Did not breastfeed for at least six months (n = 30) | Effect Size (MD, 95% CI)^ |
 Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 4.7 (0.5) | 4.7 (0.5) | -0.163 (-0.4, 0.1) |
 Insulin(mU/L)* | 8.1 (3.1) | 13.2 (9.2) | -3.9 (-9.0, 1.2) |
 HOMA-IR* | 1.7 (0.6) | 2.8 (2.1) | -0.04 (-0.2, 0.19) |
 Triglycerides (mmol/L)** | 0.9 (0.4) | 1.3 (7.5) | -0.57 (-0.95, -0.19) |
 HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.4 (0.8) | 1.4 (0.4) | 0.202 (0.007, 0.396) |
 LDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.2 (0.3) | 2.6 (0.7) | 0.03 (-0.36, 0.43) |
 Total Cholesterol/HDL ratio | 3.2 (0.8) | 4.8 (5.3) | -0.07 (-2.4, 2.3) |
 Non-HDL Cholesterol | 3.1 (0.8) | 3.2 (0.8) | -0.19 (-0.64, 0.26) |
 Total Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.3 (0.9) | 4.4 (0.8) | 0.04 (-0.48, 0.55) |
 C-Reactive Protein | 3.8 (4.8) | 3.4 (2.5) | 0.67 (-1.5, 2.9) |
|  | Offspring who were breastfed for at least six months (n = 68) | Those who were not breastfed for at least six months (n = 71) | Effect Size (MD, 95% CI)^ |
 BMI SDS^ | 55.6 (29.8) | 58.4 (31.7) | -1.7 (-9.1, 12.6) |
 Waist circumference* | 51.1 (3.5) | 51.8 (4.5) | -0.6 (-2.1, 0.8) |
^^ | (n = 38) | (n = 34) |  |
 Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 101.9 (12.1) | 96.1 (18.5) | 6.8 (-1.3, 15) |
 Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 58.8 (10.5) | 58.1 (15.8) | 1.3 (-5.7, 8.3) |
 Mean arterial pressure (mmHg) | 73.1 (13.3) | 71.1 (18.3) | 4.2 (-4.1, 12.6) |
 Augmentation Index (%) | 87.2 (38.4) | 98.3 (52.5) | 5.4 (-9.1, 19.9) |
 Central systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 94.2 (12.4) | 91.6 (20.3) | 2.0 (-5.6, 9.7) |
 Central diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 62.6 (10.1) | 61.2 (13.0) | 2.3 (-4, 8.7) |