Table 2 Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratio for early initiation of breastfeeding in The Gambia 2019–2020
Characteristic | Unadjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | p-value | Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Individual-level factors | ||||
Maternal education | ||||
No education | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Primary | 1.18 (1.02, 1.36) | 0.026 | 1.16 (0.99, 1.35) | 0.053 |
Secondary and above | 1.23 (1.08, 1.39) | 0.001 | 1.22 (1.07, 1.40) | 0.003** |
Maternal working status | ||||
Not working | 1.00 | |||
Working | 0.99 (0.89, 1.11) | 0.939 | - | |
Ethnic identity | ||||
Mandinka/Jahanka | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Wolof | 0.82 (0.68, 0.99) | 0.042 | 0.85 (0.70, 1.02) | 0.088 |
Jola/kakaroninka | 1.59 (1.24, 2.05) | 0.000 | 1.54 (1.19. 1.98) | 0.001** |
Fula/Tukulur/Loroboo | 1.23 (1.06, 1.43) | 0.006 | 1.25 (1.07, 1.45) | 0.004** |
Serere | 1.29 (0.89, 1.86) | 0.168 | 1.26 (0.87, 1.82) | 0.219 |
Sarahule | 1.04 (0.85, 1.26) | 0.693 | 1.07 (0.88, 1.31) | 0.454 |
Creole/Aku | 1.13 (0.32, 3.88) | 0.844 | 1.04 (0.30, 3.58) | 0.949 |
Manjago | 0.86 (0.40, 1.16) | 0.696 | 0.79 (0.37, 1.68) | 0.547 |
Bambara | 0.68 (0.40, 1.16) | 0.161 | 0.69 (0.40, 1.17) | 0.175 |
Other ethnic minorities | 2.24 (1.11, 4.52) | 0.024 | 2.11 (1.04, 4.27) | 0.037 |
Non-Gambian | 1.32 (1.10, 1.58) | 0.003 | 1.36 (1.13, 1.64) | 0.001*** |
Partner’s education | ||||
No education | 1.00 | - | ||
Primary | 1.13 (0.88, 1.44) | 0.327 | ||
Secondary and above | 1.03 (0.91, 1.18) | 0.563 | ||
Do not know | 1.57 (1.28, 1.93) | 0.000 | ||
Maternal age (years) | ||||
15–24 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
25–34 | 0.80 (0.70, 0.92) | 0.002 | 0.80 (0.70, 0.92) | 0.002** |
35–49 | 0.83 (0.71, 0.96) | 0.018 | 0.88 (0.75, 1.02) | 0.111 |
Marital status | ||||
Never married | 1.00 | |||
Currently married | 0.68 (0.51, 0.90) | 0.009 | ||
Formerly married | 0.73 (0.48, 1.11) | 0.146 | ||
Maternal literacy | ||||
Can read whole/ part sentences | 1.00 | |||
Cannot read at all | 0.97 (0.86, 1.10) | 0.717 | ||
Mother listens to a radio | - | |||
No | 1.00 | |||
Yes | 0.87 (0.77, 0.99) | 0.039 | ||
Mother watches television | - | |||
No | 1.00 | |||
Yes | 1.03 (0.92, 1.16) | 0.558 | ||
Obstetrics and antenatal care factors | ||||
Place of delivery | ||||
Home | 1.00 | - | ||
Health facility | 0.96 (0.84, 1.11) | 0.657 | ||
Mode of delivery | ||||
Vaginal | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Caesarean | 7.32 (5.14, 10.41) | 0.000 | 7.16 (5.02, 10.21) | 0.000** |
Antenatal care visits | ||||
Less than 4 visits | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
4 or more visits | 0.83 (0.72, 0.95) | 0.011 | 0.81 (0.70, 0.93) | 0.003** |
Child put on mothers chest after birth | ||||
Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
No | 1.45 (1.29, 1.63) | 0.000 | 1.36 (1.21, 1.53) | 0.000*** |
Maternal BMI (kg/m 2 ) | ||||
18.5–24.9 | 1.00 | - | ||
< 18.5 | 0.89 (0.68, 1.16) | 0.409 | ||
≥ 25 | 1.17 (0.99, 1.38) | 0.051 | ||
Birth interval | ||||
Less than 2 years | 1.00 | - | ||
2 years or more | 1.02 (0.86, 1.22) | 0.744 | ||
Community-level factors | ||||
Wealth Index | ||||
Poorest | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Poorer | 1.11 (0.95, 1.29) | 0.169 | 1.08 (0.92, 1.26) | 0.306 |
Middle | 1.21 (1.04, 1.42) | 0.012 | 1.15 (0.98, 1.35) | 0.076 |
Richer | 1.09 (0.91, 1.29) | 0.322 | 1.03 (0.87, 1.23) | 0.681 |
Richest | 1.50 (1.24, 1.81) | 0.000 | 1.29 (1.06, 1.57) | 0.009** |
Type of residence | ||||
Urban | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Rural | 0.65 (0.58, 0.72) | 0.000 | 0.79 (0.66, 0.95) | 0.015** |
Region | ||||
Banjul | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Kanifing | 0.96 (0.73, 1.27) | 0.823 | 0.96 (0.73, 1.26) | 0.777 |
Brikama | 0.90 (0.70, 1.16) | 0.453 | 0.83 (0.64, 1.07) | 0.168 |
Mansakonko | 0.43 (0.32, 0.57) | 0.000 | 0.37 (0.26, 0.51) | 0.000*** |
Kerewan | 0.30 (0.23, 0.40) | 0.000 | 0.26 (0.19, 0.36) | 0.000*** |
Kuntaur | 0.47 (0.36, 0.62) | 0.000 | 0.39 (0.28, 0.54) | 0.000*** |
Janjanbureh | 0.58 (0.44, 0.75) | 0.000 | 0.48 (0.35, 0.66) | 0.000*** |
Basse | 0.71 (0.55, 0.91) | 0.008 | 0.64 (0.49, 0.85) | 0.002*** |