Table 1 Characteristics of responders according to the breastfeeding status at discharge (n = 235)
| Â | Exclusive breastfeeding n (%) | No exclusive breastfeeding n (%) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
Intrapersonal factors | |||
 Sociodemographic factors | |||
  Maternal age | |||
   18–30 | 53 (33.1) | 26 (34.7) | 0.816 |
   31–35 | 67 (41.9) | 34 (45.3) | 0.618 |
   36 or older | 40 (25.0) | 15 (20.0) | 0.399 |
  Parity | |||
   Primiparous | 45 (28.1) | 39 (52.0) | 0.001 |
   Multiparous | 115 (71.9) | 36 (48.0) | 0.001 |
  Maternal education | |||
   High school | 12 (7.5) | 9 (12.0) | 0.260 |
   University degree | 80 (50.0) | 40 (53.3) | 0.634 |
   Graduate degree (Master/Doctorate) | 68 (42.5) | 26 (34.7) | 0.235 |
  Religion | |||
   Jews | 155 (96.9) | 71 (94.7) | 0.411 |
   Other | 1 (0.6) | 2 (2.7) | 0.240 |
   Missing | 4 (2.5) | 2 (2.7) |  > 0.99 |
  Giving birth in same country as mother’s origin | |||
   Yes | 133 (83.1) | 60 (80.0) | 0.689 |
   No | 27 (16.9) | 15 (20.0) | 0.689 |
Prenatal and birth factors | |||
  Difficulty attending prenatal care | |||
   Yes/Sometimes | 69 (43.1) | 26 (34.7) | 0.276 |
   No, never/Almost never | 91 (56.9) | 49 (65.3) | 0.276 |
  Faced barriers to access prenatal care | |||
   Yes, always/Nearly always | 12 (7.5) | 4 (5.3) | 0.782 |
   Sometimes | 46 (28.7) | 23 (30.7) | 0.764 |
   No, never/Almost never | 102 (63.7) | 48 (64.0) | 0.970 |
  Mode of birth | |||
   Vaginal birth (spontaneous and instrumental) | 142 (88.8) | 58 (77.3) | 0.036 |
   Cesarean birth | 18 (11.2) | 17 (22.7) | 0.036 |
Interpersonal factors | |||
 Social support | |||
  Adequate visiting hours for partner/relatives | |||
   Excellent/good | 92 (57.5) | 40 (53.3) | 0.548 |
   Sufficient | 44 (27.5) | 21 (28.0) | 0.936 |
   Insufficient/very bad | 24 (15.0) | 14 (18.7) | 0.477 |
  Presence of companion of choice during hospitalization | |||
   Yes, always/Nearly always | 125 (78.1) | 59 (78.7) | 0.925 |
   Sometimes | 28 (17.5) | 12 (16.0) | 0.775 |
   No, never/Almost never | 7 (4.4) | 4 (5.3) | 0.746 |
Organizational factors | |||
  Skin-to-skin contact in first hour | |||
   Yes | 134 (83.8) | 48 (64.0) | 0.001 |
   No | 26 (16.2) | 27 (36.0) | 0.001 |
  Early breastfeeding in first hour | |||
   Yes | 128 (80.0) | 40 (53.3) |  < 0.001 |
   No | 32 (20.0) | 35 (46.7) |  < 0.001 |
  Full rooming-in (including night) | |||
   Yes | 123 (76.9) | 39 (52.0) |  < 0.001 |
   No | 37 (23.1) | 36 (48.0) |  < 0.001 |
  Adequate breastfeeding support | |||
   Yes | 98 (61.3) | 39 (52.0) | 0.231 |
   No | 62 (38.8) | 36 (48.0) | 0.231 |
  HCP professionalism | |||
   Excellent/good | 119 (74.4) | 42 (56.0) | 0.005 |
   Sufficient | 38 (23.8) | 28 (37.3) | 0.031 |
   Insufficient/very bad | 3 (1.9) | 5 (6.7) | 0.114 |
Community and society factors | |||
  Geographic region | |||
   Central Israel/Tel Aviv | 54 (33.8) | 28 (37.3) | 0.591 |
   Jerusalem | 34 (21.2) | 10 (13.3) | 0.147 |
   Haifa/Northern Israel | 23 (14.4) | 13 (17.3) | 0.557 |
   Southern Israel | 45 (28.1) | 22 (29.3) | 0.848 |
   Missing | 4 (2.5) | 2 (2.7) |  > 0.99 |
  Timing: Variant outbreaks | |||
   Alpha March 2020–30 June 2021 | 115 (17.9) | 53 (70.7) | 0.962 |
   Delta 1 July 2021–1 December 2021 | 32 (20.0) | 16 (21.3) | 0.975 |
   Omicron 2 December 2021-July 2022 | 13 (8.1) | 6 (8.0) |  > 0.99 |
  Timing: 50% vaccination of population | |||
   March 2020-February 2021 | 86 (53.1) | 36 (47.4) | 0.495 |
   March 2021-July 2022 | 74 (45.7) | 39 (51.3) | 0.495 |