Table 4 Demographic, socioeconomic, pregnancy and birth-related characteristics and maternal health service utilization determinants of children aged 0–5 months in India, 2019-21

External environment factors

Region

North ®

Central

0.99

0.84,1.16

0.99

0.84,1.17

0.89

0.78,1.03

0.93

0.80,1.07

0.89

0.78,1.01

0.94

0.82,1.08

East

0.93

0.78,1.11

0.9

0.75,1.09

0.96

0.82,1.11

0.95

0.80,1.12

1.16*

1.01,1.35

1.20*

1.02,1.40

Northeast

1.17

0.97,1.40

1.11

0.91,1.35

1.48***

1.26,1.74

1.44***

1.21,1.71

1.57***

1.34,1.84

1.55***

1.30,1.85

West

0.94

0.75,1.17

1.01

0.80,1.27

0.82

0.66,1.01

0.81

0.66,1.01

1.05

0.86,1.28

1.07

0.87,1.30

South

1.18

0.97,1.44

1.29*

1.05,1.59

0.84

0.71,1.00

0.81*

0.67,0.97

1.36***

1.16,1.60

1.37***

1.16,1.62

Place of residence

Urban ®

Rural

0.94

0.82,1.08

0.91

0.81,1.03

0.84**

0.75,0.94

Demographic & socioeconomic characteristics

Maternal age of childbirth (years)

Less than 20 ®

20–29

0.95

0.84,1.07

0.97

0.85,1.09

0.88*

0.79,0.98

0.88*

0.78,0.98

0.89*

0.81,0.98

0.9

0.81,1.00

30+

0.87

0.64,1.17

0.81

0.60,1.11

0.87

0.67,1.13

0.8

0.61,1.04

1.07

0.84,1.36

0.95

0.74,1.22

Religion of mother

Hindu ®

Others

1.36***

1.21,1.53

1.59***

1.43,1.76

1.44***

1.30,1.60

Caste of mother

SC

0.92

0.78,1.09

0.78**

0.68,0.91

0.82**

0.71,0.94

ST

0.88

0.74,1.04

0.79**

0.68,0.92

0.79**

0.69,0.91

OBC

0.84*

0.72,0.97

0.77***

0.68,0.88

0.82**

0.72,0.93

Others ®

Wealth index

Poorest ®

Poor

1

0.86,1.16

1.09

0.93,1.28

1.02

0.89,1.17

1.1

0.95,1.28

1.03

0.90,1.17

1.11

0.97,1.27

Middle

1

0.85,1.17

1.14

0.95,1.36

0.97

0.84,1.12

1.13

0.97,1.33

0.95

0.83,1.08

1.06

0.91,1.23

Richer

0.94

0.79,1.11

1.13

0.92,1.38

1.19*

1.03,1.37

1.44***

1.22,1.71

1.28***

1.12,1.47

1.48***

1.25,1.74

Richest

1.14

0.95,1.36

1.41**

1.13,1.76

0.99

0.84,1.16

1.21

1.00,1.47

1.03

0.89,1.19

1.26*

1.06,1.51

Maternal education level

No education®

Primary

1.05

0.86,1.27

0.92

0.77,1.10

1.07

0.91,1.26

Secondary and above

0.9

0.79,1.03

0.85*

0.75,0.96

0.95

0.85,1.07

Maternal mass-media exposure

Not Exposed ®

Exposed

0.86*

0.77,0.97

0.85*

0.74,0.98

0.91

0.82,1.01

0.89

0.79,1.01

0.95

0.86,1.05

0.9

0.80,1.01

Pregnancy & birth-related characteristics

Desire of pregnancy

Wanted then ®

Wanted later/ no more wanted

1.05

0.87,1.27

1.12

0.94,1.32

1.1

0.94,1.30

Duration of pregnancy

Nine months and above®

Less than nine months

1.30***

1.11,1.52

1.31***

1.12,1.53

1.01

0.88,1.17

1.01

0.87,1.16

1.15*

1.00,1.31

1.17*

1.02,1.34

Sex of the Child

Female ®

Male

0.96

0.87,1.07

1.09

0.99,1.20

1.10*

1.01,1.21

Maternal health service utilization

Number of ANC

4 + times ®

1–3 times

1.18**

1.06,1.33

1.18**

1.05,1.33

1.14*

1.03,1.27

1.12*

1.01,1.25

1.03

0.93,1.13

1.06

0.96,1.17

none

1.89***

1.56,2.29

1.70***

1.39,2.08

1.87***

1.57,2.22

1.71***

1.42,2.05

1.74***

1.46,2.08

1.61***

1.34,1.93

Place of delivery

Institutional delivery ®

Delivery at home

1.46***

1.25,1.70

1.25*

1.03,1.53

1.20*

1.04,1.40

0.93

0.77,1.13

1.32***

1.15,1.52

1.23*

1.03,1.48

Mode of delivery

Non-Caesarean section ®

Caesarean section

1.03

0.90,1.18

1.06

0.92,1.23

1.16**

1.04,1.30

1.24***

1.09,1.40

1.15*

1.03,1.28

1.11

0.98,1.25

Postnatal care services

No check ®

Doctor

0.71***

0.62,0.82

0.82*

0.69,0.97

0.78***

0.69,0.89

0.86

0.73,1.00

0.84**

0.75,0.95

0.96

0.83,1.11

Nurse/Midwife

0.67***

0.57,0.77

0.80*

0.67,0.95

0.72***

0.63,0.83

0.81**

0.69,0.95

0.71***

0.62,0.81

0.91

0.78,1.06

Non-skilled provider

0.8

0.59,1.09

0.83

0.61,1.13

0.96

0.72,1.27

1.1

0.82,1.48

0.8

0.61,1.04

0.87

0.66,1.14