Table 3 Demographic, socioeconomic, pregnancy and birth-related characteristics and maternal health service utilization determinants of children aged 0–23 months in India, 2019-21

External environment factors

Region

North ®

Central

2.11***

2.02,2.20

2.12***

2.03,2.22

East

1.34***

1.29,1.40

1.29***

1.22,1.35

Northeast

0.67***

0.64,0.70

0.63***

0.59,0.66

West

1.11***

1.05,1.18

1.15***

1.09,1.22

South

0.89***

0.85,0.94

0.80***

0.76,0.84

Place of residence

Urban ®

Rural

1.05**

1.02,1.09

Demographic & socioeconomic characteristics

Maternal age of childbirth (years)

Less than 20 ®

20–29

1.07***

1.03,1.10

1.03

0.99,1.06

30+

0.90**

0.83,0.97

0.92*

0.85,1.00

Religion of mother

Hindu ®

Others

0.65***

0.63,0.67

Caste of mother

SC

1.07***

1.03,1.12

ST

0.72***

0.68,0.75

OBC

1.23***

1.18,1.28

Others ®

Wealth index

Poorest ®

Poor

1

0.96,1.04

1.08***

1.04,1.13

Middle

0.97

0.93,1.01

1.08**

1.03,1.13

Richer

0.94**

0.90,0.98

1.02

0.97,1.07

Richest

0.95*

0.91,1.00

0.99

0.94,1.05

Maternal education level

No education®

Primary

0.89***

0.84,0.93

Secondary and above

0.88***

0.85,0.91

Maternal mass-media exposure

Not Exposed ®

Exposed

0.85***

0.83,0.88

0.92***

0.89,0.95

Pregnancy & birth-related characteristics

Desire of pregnancy

Wanted then ®

Wanted later/ no more wanted

1.07**

1.02,1.13

Duration of pregnancy

Nine months and above®

Less than nine months

1.18***

1.13,1.23

1.14***

1.09,1.19

Sex of the child

Female ®

Male

1.01

0.98,1.03

Maternal health service utilization

Number of ANC

4 + times ®

1–3 times

1.49***

1.45,1.54

1.43***

1.38,1.47

none

1.25***

1.19,1.31

1.28***

1.22,1.35

Place of delivery

Institutional delivery ®

Delivery at home

1.01

0.97,1.05

Mode of delivery

Non-Caesarean section ®

Caesarean section

1.59***

1.54,1.65

2.02***

1.94,2.10

Postnatal care services

No check ®

Doctor

0.84***

0.81,0.87

0.82***

0.78,0.86

Nurse/Midwife

0.93***

0.89,0.96

0.78***

0.75,0.82

Non-skilled provider

0.88**

0.81,0.96

0.76***

0.70,0.83