Table 1 Meta-analyses for calcium concentration (mg/L)
From: Calcium, zinc, and vitamin D in breast milk: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Group | N | n | Mean (95% CI) | pa | pb | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All studies | 154 | 22,307 | 261 (238, 284) | NA | NA | |
Studies without outlier | 153 | 22,227 | 262 (243, 282) | |||
Key studiesc | 23 | 2766 | 249 (232, 266) | |||
Infant age | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
0–5.9 months | 121 | 14,999 | 270 (241, 300) | < 0.001 | 0.001 | |
6–11.9 months | 32 | 2375 | 214 (163, 266) | |||
12–35.9 months | 13 | 769 | 197 (177, 218) | |||
Unspecified | 24 | 1881 | 252 (175, 329) | Â | ||
Infant age, key studies c | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
0–5.9 months, healthy, term, exclusively breastfed | 16 | 1386 | 271 (256, 286) | < 0.001 | NA | |
6–11.9 months, healthy, term | 11 | 975 | 218 (189, 248) | |||
12–35.9 months, healthy, term | 4 | 200 | 183 (162, 204) | |||
Lactation stage | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
Colostrum | 33 | 2024 | 269 (252, 286) | 0.678 | 0.781 | |
Colostrum/transitional milk | 11 | 293 | 281 (258, 304) | |||
Transitional milk | 37 | 2257 | 270 (261, 279) | |||
Transitional/mature milk | 7 | 402 | 232 (88, 376) | |||
Mature milk | 120 | 15,513 | 257 (234, 280) | |||
Unspecified/Mixed | 17 | 1774 | 265 (242, 288) | Â | ||
Maternal/infant health | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
Healthy | 91 | 13,985 | 257 (232, 281) | 0.008 | 0.012 | |
With condition | 8 | 949 | 203 (171, 234) | |||
Unspecified/Mixed | 63 | 7373 | 266 (227, 306) | Â | ||
Maternal age | Â | Â | ||||
Adults | 78 | 11,909 | 268 (249, 286) | 0.665 | 0.689 | |
Adolescents | 5 | 337 | 254 (196, 313) | |||
Unspecified/Mixed | 73 | 10,061 | 253 (224, 283) | Â | ||
Gestation | Â | Â | ||||
Term | 66 | 7155 | 261 (217, 305) | 0.867 | 0.940 | |
Preterm | 19 | 1196 | 265 (249, 281) | |||
Unspecified/Mixed | 85 | 13,929 | 260 (231, 288) | Â | ||
Breastfeeding practice | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
Exclusive | 32 | 3132 | 260 (193, 328) | 0.365 | 0.077 | |
Mixed | 15 | 2056 | 228 (207, 249) | |||
Unspecified | 115 | 17,158 | 264 (240, 288) | Â | ||
Calcium supplementation | Â | Â | ||||
Supplemented | 5 | 571 | 251 (214, 289) | 0.275 | 0.413 | |
Not supplemented | 19 | 3742 | 275 (255, 294) | |||
Unspecified/Mixed | 133 | 17,543 | 258 (234, 282) | Â | ||
Nutritional status | Â | Â | ||||
Good | 14 | 2292 | 261 (243, 280) | 0.082 | 0.178 | |
Poor | 5 | 708 | 321 (256, 385) | |||
Unspecified/Mixed | 138 | 19,342 | 256 (232, 280) | Â | ||
Country income category | Â | Â | ||||
Low | 7 | 1280 | 282 (161, 403) | 0.902 | < 0.001 | |
Lower-middle | 22 | 2259 | 246 (171, 321) | |||
Upper-middle | 49 | 7436 | 257 (235, 279) | |||
High | 85 | 9446 | 264 (256, 272) | |||
Unspecified/Mixed | 1 | 1442 | 290 (287, 293) | Â | ||
Continent | Â | Â | ||||
Africa | 19 | 2274 | 240 (198, 283) | 0.618 | NA | |
Asia | 47 | 8487 | 255 (233, 277) | |||
Australasia/Oceania | 6 | 778 | 271 (217, 324) | |||
Europe | 33 | 4108 | 270 (260, 280) | |||
North America | 37 | 4334 | 261 (250, 272) | |||
South America | 22 | 1882 | 270 (248, 292) | |||
Measurement method | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
AAS | 54 | 6964 | 263 (227, 299) | 0.561 | 0.408 | |
FAAS | 17 | 1922 | 277 (247, 307) | |||
ICP-AES | 25 | 3957 | 272 (259, 286) | |||
ICP-MSd | 27 | 5682 | 261 (250, 272) | |||
Other | 31 | 3782 | 241 (207, 275) | Â | ||