Table 1 Characteristics of the mother-infant pairs in the National Health Service Surveys (NHSS) conducted in 2008 (n = 490) and 2018 (n = 491) in Jilin Province, China
Characteristics | 2018 N (%) | 2008 N (%) | χ2 | P-values |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Health services’ characteristics | ||||
Antenatal visits | 160.94 | < 0.001 | ||
0–4 | 70 (14.26) | 194 (39.59) | ||
5–8 | 183 (37.27) | 230 (46.94) | ||
9- | 238 (48.47) | 66 (13.47) | ||
Place of delivery | 43.79 | < 0.001 | ||
County- or higher-level hospital | 370 (75.36) | 249 (54.97) | ||
Maternal and Child Health Hospital | 80 (16.29) | 142 (31.35) | ||
Primary hospital / private hospital / home, clinic or other | 41 (8.35) | 62 (13.69) | ||
Mode of delivery | 0.98 | 0.322 | ||
Vaginal | 223 (45.42) | 236 (48.36) | ||
Caesarean section | 268 (54.58) | 252 (51.64) | ||
Postpartum visits | 93.25 | < 0.001 | ||
0 | 107 (21.79) | 226 (46.12) | ||
1–2 | 250 (50.92) | 115 (23.47) | ||
3 | 134 (27.29) | 149 (30.41) | ||
Mothers’ characteristics | ||||
Age, years | 68.28 | < 0.001 | ||
15 to < 21 | 6 (1.22) | 5 (1.02) | ||
21 to < 26 | 50 (10.18) | 148 (30.20) | ||
26 to < 31 | 168 (34.22) | 163 (33.27) | ||
≥ 31 | 267 (54.38) | 174 (35.51) | ||
Ethnicity | 0.12 | 0.732 | ||
Han Chinese | 450 (91.65) | 452 (92.24) | ||
Minority | 41 (8.35) | 38 (7.76) | ||
Region | 20.08 | < 0.001 | ||
Urban | 248 (50.51) | 178 (36.33) | ||
Rural | 243 (49.49) | 312 (63.67) | ||
Maternal education | ||||
Junior school or below | 248 (50.51) | 348 (71.17) | 58.23 | < 0.001 |
Senior high school | 91 (18.53) | 82 (16.77) | ||
Bachelor degree or above | 152 (30.96) | 59 (12.07) | ||
Occupation | 0.88 | 0.348 | ||
Employed | 357 (72.71) | 343 (70.00) | ||
Unemployed | 134 (27.29) | 147 (30.00) | ||
Household wealth † | 5.25 | 0.073 | ||
Poorest | 194 (39.51) | 166 (33.88) | ||
Middle | 164 (33.40) | 161 (32.86) | ||
Richest | 133 (27.09) | 163 (33.27) | ||
Self-reported health ‡ | ||||
Poorest | 22 (4.48) | 6 (1.23) | 15.52 | < 0.001 |
Middle | 59 (12.02) | 37 (7.60) | ||
Best | 410 (83.50) | 444 (91.17) | ||
Parity | 26.80 | < 0.001 | ||
Primiparous | 266 (54.18) | 344 (70.20) | ||
Multiparous | 225 (45.82) | 146 (29.80) | ||
Children’s characteristics | ||||
Age, months | 11.77 | 0.067 | ||
0 to < 6 | 48 (9.78) | 47 (9.67) | ||
6 to < 12 | 51 (10.39) | 74 (15.23) | ||
12 to < 24 | 97 (19.76) | 102 (20.99) | ||
24 to ≤ 60 | 295 (60.08) | 263 (54.12) | ||
Gender | 2.40 | 0.121 | ||
Male | 261 (53.16) | 284 (58.08) | ||
Female | 230 (46.84) | 205 (41.92) | ||
Birth weight, % | 1.13 | 0.569 | ||
Low birth weight (< 2500 g) | 17 (3.46) | 12 (2.48) | ||
Normal birth weight (2,500–3,999 g) | 410 (83.50) | 414 (85.54) | ||
Macrosomia (≥ 4000 g) | 64 (13.03) | 58 (11.98) |