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Table 2 Results of the logistic regression analysisa

From: Women’s experiences and views on early breastfeeding during the COVID-19 pandemic in Norway: quantitative and qualitative findings from the IMAgiNE EURO study

Factors related to early breastfeeding

n cases (yes)

n women (total)

Crude OR (95% CI)

Adjusted ORb (95% CI)

Opportunity to have skin-to-skin contact in the first hour after giving birth (when applicable, i.e. , in absence of maternal or neonatal health problems)

 2020

2148

2270

1.00

1.00

 2021

460

480

1.31 (0.81, 2.12)

1.07 (0.59, 1.92)

Early breastfeeding (when applicable, i.e., in absence of maternal or neonatal health problems)

 2020

1968

2233

1.00

1.00

 2021

430

469

1.48 (1.04, 2.11)

1.32 (0.88, 1.96)

Adequate breastfeeding support

 2020

1902

2425

1.00

1.00

 2021

433

497

1.86 (1.40, 2.46)

1.79 (1.35, 2.38)

Exclusive breastfeeding at discharge

 2020

1868

2425

1.00

1.00

 2021

402

497

1.26 (0.99, 1.61)

1.14 (0.89, 1.46)

Immediate attention when needed

 2020

1636

2425

1.00

1.00

 2021

397

497

1.91 (1.51, 2.42)

1.89 (1.49, 2.39)

Clear communication from healthcare providers

 2020

1657

2425

1.00

1.00

 2021

395

497

1.79 (1.42, 2.27)

1.76 (1.39, 2.22)

Allowed companion of choice

 2020

962

2425

1.00

1.00

 2021

246

497

1.49 (1.23, 1.71)

1.47 (1.21, 1.79)

Adequate number of women per room

 2020

1812

2425

1.00

1.00

 2021

356

497

0.85 (0.69, 1.06)

0.84 (0.67, 1.04)

Adequate visiting hours for partner and / or relatives

 2020

552

2425

1.00

1.00

 2021

141

497

1.34 (1.08, 1.67)

1.35 (1.09, 1.68)

Adequate number of healthcare providers

 2020

830

2425

1.00

1.00

 2021

198

497

1.27 (1.04, 1.55)

1.24 (1.02, 1.52)

Adequate professionalism of the healthcare providers

 2020

1594

2425

1.00

1.00

 2021

380

497

1.69 (1.35, 2.12)

1.65 (1.32, 2.08)

Reduction in the QMNC due to COVID-19

 2020

1631

2425

1.00

1.00

 2021

294

497

0.71 (0.58, 0.86)

0.73 (0.60, 0.89)

Reduction in their general satisfaction due to COVID-19 (among women who reported a reduction in the QMNC due to COVID-19)

 2020

1442

1631

1.00

1.00

 2021

264

294

1.15 (0.77, 1.73)

1.13 (0.75, 1.70)

  1. aOR are calculated with 2020 year of birth as reference category
  2. bAnalyses were adjusted for the following variables: born in Norway (yes, no, missing), responded to a non-Norwegian survey (yes, no), age range (18–24, 25–30, 31–35, 36–39, ≥ 40), educational level (None, Elementary school, Junior high school, High school, University degree, Postgraduate degree / Master / Doctorate or higher), parity (1, > 1), birth mode (Vaginal spontaneous, Instrumental vaginal birth, Cesarean section). Wording on education levels agreed among partners during the Delphi exercise
  3. Abbreviations: COVID-19 Corona virus disease of 2019, QMNC Quality of maternal and newborn care