Author, year of publication | Country of origin | Study design | Component/s of maternity protection | Category of non-standard worker |
---|---|---|---|---|
Betancourt, et al. 2013. [28] | India | Qualitative case study (used IDIs & FGDs) | Breastfeeding breaks | Construction workers, including migrant workers |
Brahic & Jacobs. 2013. [29] | Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda | Action research, mixed methods – structured quantitative questionnaire & IDIs | Health protection at work Maternity leave Job security Breastfeeding breaks | Horticultural farm workers |
Nair, et al. 2014. [30] | India | Qualitative: FGDs | Cash benefits Childcare | Women enrolled in the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) – agricultural workers |
Alfers. 2016. [31] | Brazil, Ghana, India, South Africa, Thailand | Cross-sectional, qualitative (FGDs) | Childcare | Women informal workers – sampled from associations for waste pickers, street traders (informal vendors), and home-based workers which dominated the sample, but also included domestic workers and agricultural workers |
Diji, et al. 2017. [32] | Ghana | Descriptive, cross-sectional: structured, quantitative questionnaire | Maternity leave | Self-employed |
Kabir & Maitrot. 2017. [33] | Bangladesh | Qualitative – IDIs and FGDs | Childcare | Women living in ‘slums’ (mostly low-paying, informal jobs) |
Ghosh & Kochar. 2018. [34] | India | ‘Differences in differences’ approach. Questionnaire and anthropometry (weight, height) | Income support to rural pregnant women—Indira Gandhi Matritya Sahayog Yojana (IGMSY) | Women employed in home production or in the informal economy |
Stumbitz, et al. 2018. [35] | Ghana | Qualitative exploratory case study: document review; IDIs | Comprehensive maternity protection | Informal economy defined enterprises that are small, unregistered private unincorporated businesses that do not provide written employment contracts |
Chen, et al. 2019. [36] | China | Cross-sectional, mixed methods – quant questionnaire & qual semi-structure interviews | Breastfeeding breaks Maternity leave Childcare | Formal vs. informal in different occupational fields (agriculture, industry, business and white collar) |
Gupta, et al. 2019. [37] | 84 countries, 69 /84 (82%) LMIC | WBTi assessment of 10 indicators at country level | Comprehensive maternity protection | Women working in the informal or unorganised sector |
Horwood, et al. 2019 [38] | South Africa* | Descriptive and cross-sectional, quantitative survey | Childcare | Informal traders and domestic workers |
Horwood, et al. 2020. [39] | India and South Africa* | Qualitative – FGDs | Breastfeeding breaks, childcare | Domestic workers, market traders and home-based workers |
Kumeh, et al. 2020. [40] | Liberia | Mixed methods: Sequential explanatory, case–control design – quant survey and qual IDIs | Social protection (income support) and maternity support | Mothers attending school or vocational training, informal work or piecemeal work, subsistence agriculture |
Luthuli, et al. 2020 [41] | South Africa* | Longitudinal mixed-methods study – quantitative questionnaire and IDIs at 3 time points | Maternity leave Breastfeeding breaks Childcare | Domestic work, home-based work, informal trading, and hairdressing |
Nabunya, et al. 2020. [42] | Uganda | Community-based cross-sectional survey: semi-structured (quant) questionnaire | Maternity leave Breastfeeding breaks Childcare | Women working in general shops, food shops/restaurants, furniture shops, small scale salons and markets |
Horwood, et al. 2021. [43] | South Africa* | Mixed methods longitudinal cohort study – quant structured questionnaire, IDIs & group photovoice | Childcare | Various including domestic workers (6), hairdressers (5), home-based workers (4), informal vendors (1), fuel attendant (1) and informal tuck shop owner (1) |
Kumar. 2021. [44] | India | Review | Health protection | Tobacco cultivation / harvesting (farmers) – ‘casual’ work relationships |