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Table 4 Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios of factors associated with delayed onset of lactogenesis II

From: Determinants of delayed onset of lactogenesis II among women who delivered via Cesarean section at a tertiary hospital in China: a prospective cohort study

Variables

Unadjusted odds ratio (95% CI)

P-value

Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)a

P-value

Maternal characteristics

 Age (years)

0.99 (0.95, 1.04)

0.86

  

Educational levels (years)

 ≤ 9

1

   

 10 – 15

0.72 (0.39, 1.33)

0.289

  

 ≥ 16

0.70 (0.40,1.24)

0.217

  

Employed

0.95 (0.64, 1.40)

0.792

  

Mean monthly household income per person (RMB)

 < 3000

1

   

 3001 – 5000

1.67 (0.80, 3.62)

0.183

  

 5001 – 10000

1.24 (0.62, 2.59)

0.554

  

 > 10,000

1.13 (0.54, 2.43)

0.756

  

First pregnancy

1.71 (1.14, 2.58)

0.009

  

Primiparity

1.70 (1.22, 2.67)

0.003

1.95 (1.29, 2.98)

0.002

Repeat Cesarean section

1.11 (0.52, 2.53)

0.803

  

Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg / m2)

 18.5 – 23.9

1

   

 < 18.5

0.60 (0.25, 1.30)

0.216

  

 24.0 – 27.9

1.57 (1.00, 2.47)

0.053

  

 ≥ 28.0

1.33 (0.70, 2.46)

0.377

  

GWG

 Adequate

1

   

 Inadequate

0.79 (0.36, 1.67)

0.555

  

 Excessive

1.12 (0.74, 1.70)

0.590

  

Hypertension

1.64 (0.98, 2.73)

0.059

  

Diabetes

0.93 (0.61, 1.40)

0.723

  

Thyroid disease

1.16 (0.67, 1.97)

0.580

  

Ovarian theca-lutein cyst

2.03 (0.56, 7.41)

0.268

  

Pregnancy course attendance

0.69 (0.46, 1.01)

0.058

  

Previous insufficient lactation

1.22 (0.61, 2.39)

0.56

  

Serum albumin (< 35 g / L)

1.72 (1.08, 2.80)

0.024

1.78 (1.09, 2.99)

0.024

Hemoglobin (< 110 g / L)

0.73 (0.47, 1.12)

0.154

  

Infertility treatment

1.53 (0.91, 2.55)

0.105

  

Antenatal corticosteroid treatment

1.05 (0.63, 1.72)

0.863

  

Labor and delivery characteristics

 Emergency Cesarean

1.44 (0.98, 2.13)

0.063

  

 Adverse pregnancy outcome

1.27 (0.85, 1.90)

0.242

  

Anesthesia type

 Intraspinal

1

0.697

  

 General

0.91 (0.57, 1.44)

   

Peri-operative bleeding (ml)

1.00 (0.99, 1.00)

0.342

  

Intra-operative fluid dosage (mL)

1.00 (0.99, 1.00)

0.264

  

Infant and breastfeeding characteristics

 Male

0.82 (0.56, 1.21)

0.326

  

 Gestational age (< 37 weeks)

1.31 (0.86, 1.98)

0.20

  

 Height

0.95 (0.90, 0.10)

0.04

  

 Birthweight (< 2500 g)

1.72 (1.08, 2.75)

0.022

  

 NICU admission

1.62 (1.09, 2.39)

0.016

  

 Initiation of breastfeeding (hour)

1.02 (1.01, 1.03)

< 0.001

  

 Breastfeeding during 0 – 24 h (times)

0.85 (0.78, 0.92)

< 0.001

  

 Breastfeeding during 24 – 48 h (times)

0.87 (0.83, 0.92)

< 0.001

0.88 (0.83,0.93)

< 0.001

 EPDS Score (≥ 10)

2.09 (1.42, 3.10)

< 0.001

2.03 (1.35, 3.07)

< 0.001

  1. Abbreviations: BMI Body mass index, CI Confidence interval, EPDS Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale GWG Gestational weight gain, NICU Neonatal intensive care unit, RMB Renminbi
  2. a Adjusted for educational levels, mean monthly household income per person, gravidity, parity, pre-pregnancy BMI, hypertension, pregnancy course attendance, serum albumin concentrations, hemoglobin concentrations, infertility treatment, type of Cesarean section, adverse pregnancy outcomes, gestational age, infant height, birthweight, NICU admission, onset of breastfeeding, frequency of breastfeeding during 0–48 h postpartum, and EPDS Score
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International Breastfeeding Journal

ISSN: 1746-4358