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Table 1 Characteristics of the participants (n = 468)

From: Determinants of delayed onset of lactogenesis II among women who delivered via Cesarean section at a tertiary hospital in China: a prospective cohort study

Variable

n (%) or median [IQR]

Maternal characteristics

 Maternal age (years)

31.5 (29.0, 34.0)

 Han ethnicity

463 (98.9%)

Educational level (years)

 ≤ 9

62 (13.2%)

 10 – 15

147 (31.4%)

  ≥ 16

259 (55.3%)

Employed

265 (56.6%)

Mean monthly household income per person (RMB)

 < 3000

46 (9.8%)

 3001 – 5000

106 (22.6%)

 5001 – 10,000

189189189189189118989(40.4%)

 > 10000

127 (27.1%)

Smoking status during pregnancy

1 (0.2%)

Alcohol consumption status during pregnancy

8 (1.7%)

First pregnancy

146 (31.2%)

Primiparity

246 (52.6%)

Repeated Cesarean sectiona

182 (82.0%)

Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2)

 < 18.5

38 (8.1%)

 18.5 – 23.9

265 (56.6%)

 24.0 – 27.9

114 (24.4%)

 ≥ 28.0

51 (10.9%)

GWGb

 Adequate

167 (35.7%)

 Inadequate

40 (8.5%)

 Excessive

261 (55.8%)

Hypertension

72 (15.4%)

Diabetes

143 (30.6%)

Thyroid disease

69 (14.7%)

Ovarian theca-lutein cyst

10 (2.1%)

Pregnancy course attendance

221 (47.2%)

Previous insufficient lactationb

54 (24.9%)

Serum albumin (< 35 g / L)

351 (75.0%)

Hemoglobin (< 110 g / L)

140 (29.9%)

Infertility treatment

72 (15.4%)

Insulin GDM treatmentc

10 (7.0%)

Antenatal corticosteroid treatment

82 (17.5%)

EPDS Score (≥ 10)

216 (46.2%)

Labor and delivery characteristics

 Emergency Cesarean

194 (41.5%)

 Adverse pregnancy outcomesd

160 (34.2%)

Anesthesia type

 Intraspinal

361 (77.1%)

 General

107 (22.9%)

Peri-operative bleeding (mL), median [IQR]

200 (200,300)

Intra-operative fluid dosage (mL), median [IQR]

1000 (800,1300)

Infant and breastfeeding characteristics

 Male

246 (52.6%)

 Gestational age (< 37 weeks)

141 (30.1%)

 Birthweight (< 2500 g)

92 (19.7%)

 Height, cm

50.0 (47.0, 51.0)

 1-min Apgar score (< 7)

9 (1.9%)

 NICU admission

183 (39.1%)

 Initiation of breastfeeding (hour), median [IQR]

10 (4,27)

 Breastfeeding during 0–24 h (times), median [IQR]

2 (0,4)

 Formula supplementation during the first 0–24 h

464 (99.1%)

 Breastfeeding during 24–48 h (times), median [IQR]

4 (2, 8)

 Formula supplementation during the first 24–72 h

461 (98.5%)

  1. Data are presented as number (%) or median (IQR)
  2. Abbreviations: BMI Body mass index, EPDS Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, GWG Gestational weight gain, IQR Interquartile range, RMB Renminbi
  3. a Frequencies and proportions are based on the number of multiparous mothers. There were 222 multiparous women in this study, including 59 in the delayed onset of lactogenesis II group and 163 in the normal onset of lactogenesis II group
  4. b Categorized according to the GWG recommended by Chinese nutritional guidelines: inadequate GWG = weight gain of < 11.0, < 13.0, < 8.0, < 7.0, and < 5.0 kg for underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obese women, respectively; excessive GWG = weight gain of > 16.0, > 14.0, > 11.0, and > 9.0 kg for underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obese women, respectively; adequate GWG = weight gain between the cut-off values for inadequate and excessive GWG
  5. c Frequencies and proportions are based on the number of women with diabetes. There were 143 women with diabetes in the study
  6. d Adverse pregnancy outcomes include preterm birth (< 37 weeks), macrosomia (> 4000 g), low birthweight (< 2500 g), very low birthweight (< 1500 g), and extremely low birthweight (< 1000 g)
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International Breastfeeding Journal

ISSN: 1746-4358