Table 2 Factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding, results of multivariable logistic regression (n = 26,709)
AOR (95% CI) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|
Intrapersonal factors | ||
Sociodemographic factors | ||
Age (years) | ||
18–24 | 1.14 (1.00–1.32) | 0.055 |
25–30 | 1.12 (1.05–1.20) | 0.001 |
31–35 | Ref | |
36–39 | 0.83 (0.76–0.91) | < 0.001 |
40 or older | 0.71 (0.62–0.82) | < 0.001 |
Parity | ||
Primipara | Ref | |
Multipara | 1.93 (1.80–2.06) | < 0.001 |
Maternal education | ||
Junior high school or lower | 0.60 (0.53–0.68) | < 0.001 |
High school | 0.75 (0.69–0.81) | < 0.001 |
University degree | Ref | |
Graduate degree (Master/Doctorate) | 1.08 (1.01–1.17) | 0.032 |
Payment of maternity care (insurance status) | ||
Non-private insurance (public/state/employer) | Ref | |
Private insurance | 0.75 (0.62–0.91) | 0.003 |
No insurance (self-paid) | 0.56 (0.46–0.69) | < 0.001 |
Prenatal and birth factors | ||
Mode of birth | ||
Spontaneous vaginal birth | Ref | |
Instrumental vaginal birth | 0.97 (0.87–1.09) | 0.612 |
Cesarean birth | 0.65 (0.60–0.70) | < 0.001 |
Interpersonal factors | ||
Adequate breastfeeding support | ||
Yes | Ref | |
No | 0.61 (0.57–0.66) | < 0.001 |
Organizational factors | ||
Early breastfeeding | ||
Yes | Ref | |
No | 0.53 (0.49–0.57) | < 0.001 |
Rooming-in | ||
Full rooming-in (including night) | Ref | |
Mostly rooming-in | 0.66 (0.61–0.72) | < 0.001 |
Mostly/always in healthy infant nursery | 0.76 (0.66–0.87) | < 0.001 |
HCP type present at birth: obstetrics physician | ||
Yes | 0.85 (0.80–0.91) | < 0.001 |
No | Ref | |
HCP professionalism | ||
Excellent/good | Ref | |
Sufficient | 0.80 (0.75–0.86) | < 0.001 |
Insufficient/very bad | 0.75 (0.66–0.86) | < 0.001 |
Immediate attention by HCP when needed | ||
Yes, always/Nearly always | Ref | |
Sometimes | 0.93 (0.86–1.00) | 0.059 |
No, never/Almost never | 0.80 (0.70–0.92) | 0.001 |
Room cleaning | ||
Excellent/good | Ref | |
Sufficient | 0.99 (0.93–1.06) | 0.808 |
Insufficient/very bad | 0.84 (0.75–0.95) | 0.004 |
Community and society factors | ||
Timing: Birth from June 23, 2020 | ||
No | Ref | |
Yes | 0.88 (0.82–0.94) | < 0.001 |
Country of infant’s birth | ||
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 0.98 (0.76–1.24) | 0.840 |
Croatia | 0.46 (0.41–0.53) | < 0.001 |
France | 0.41 (0.35–0.47) | < 0.001 |
Germany | 0.89 (0.75–1.06) | 0.186 |
Italy | Ref | |
Latvia | 0.69 (0.6–0.78) | < 0.001 |
Lithuania | 1.13 (0.94–1.37) | 0.198 |
Luxemburg | 0.66 (0.52–0.84) | 0.001 |
Norway | 1.08 (0.95–1.22) | 0.235 |
Poland | 1.39 (1.19–1.64) | < 0.001 |
Portugal | 1.11 (0.97–1.28) | 0.141 |
Romania | 0.69 (0.58–0.82) | < 0.001 |
Serbia | 1.22 (1.01–1.47) | 0.041 |
Slovenia | 0.56 (0.49–0.63) | < 0.001 |
Spain | 1.41 (1.02–1.95) | 0.038 |
Sweden | 0.95 (0.85–1.05) | 0.303 |
Switzerland | 1.2 (0.99–1.47) | 0.063 |