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Table 6 Similarities and Differences between published study and this study

From: Effect of lullaby on volume, fat, total protein and albumin concentration of breast milk in premature infants’ mothers admitted to NICU: a randomized controlled trial

Author

Title

Materials and Methods

results

similarities

differences

Ak et al. (2015 )[26]

Impact of music therapy on amount of breast milk secretion among mothers of premature newborns.

Each subject was assessed for 4 sessions on MT (Music Therapy) and 4 sessions on NMT (No Music Therapy) over 4 days. Breast milk was expressed using breast milk pump and quantity was measured for two sessions each day once at 11.00 am and other at 4.00 pm.

Music therapy group had significantly more milk volume than the control group on the fourth day and music therapy resulted in increased milk secretion in mothers of premature infants admitted to NICU.

In both studies, mothers listened to music or lullabies for 30 minutes with headphones, and then the milk was pumped through an electric pumping and measured in milliliters in a graduated bottle.

Keith et al. (2012 )[16]

The effect of music-based listening interventions on the volume, fat content, and caloric content of breast milk–produced by mothers of premature and critically ill infants.

The control group received standard nursing care, whereas mothers in the 3 experimental groups additionally listened to a recording of 1 of 3 music-based listening interventions while using the pump.

Mothers in the experimental groups produced significantly more milk (P < .0012). Mothers in these groups also produced milk with significantly higher fat content during the first 6 days of the study.

There was a significant difference between the three groups in all compositions of breast milk, which is consistent with Keith’s study, although the duration of the intervention (fourteen days in Keith’s study and six days in our study), as well as the duration of playing the music or lullaby (12 minutes in the Keith’s study and 30 minutes in our study), were different.

In our study, in addition to the volume and fat of breast milk, the total protein and albumin concentration were also measured.

Vianna et al. (2011 )[36]

Music therapy may increase breastfeeding rates among mothers of premature newborns: a randomized controlled trial.

Mothers of premature neonates weighting ≤1750 g were submitted to music therapy sessions three times a week for 60 minutes. The endpoints were breastfeeding rates at the moment of infant hospital discharge and at follow-up visits (7-15 days, 30 and 60 days after discharge).

Music therapy had a significant effect in increasing breastfeeding rates among mothers of premature newborns at the first follow-up visit, and also a positive influence (although not significant) that lasted up to 60 days after infant discharge.

Music alone can increase the volume of breast milk in mothers of premature infants admitted to NICU, which is consistent with the results of our study.

Unlike our study which was performed at the time of hospitalization of infants.

Varişoğlu et al. (2020 )[29]

The effects of listening to music on breast milk production by mothers of premature newborns in the neonatal intensive care unit: A randomized controlled study.

On the first day, all mothers were provided with training for milking with pumps. On the second through fourth days, mothers in the music group (MG) underwent two sessions of milking with music and a pump for 15 minutes at 11:00 and 16:00; the mothers in the control group underwent two sessions of milking without music. To evaluate stress levels, Spielberger’s State-Trait Anxiety Inventory was administered and salivary cortisol tests were taken on the first and final days of the study.

The state and total anxiety scores of the MG were statistically low (p < 0.05). There was no difference between the MG and control group in the amount of breast milk produced; however, the final test cortisol levels of the MG group were significantly lower compared with the pretest measurements (p < 0.05). Listening to music in the NICU while breastfeeding can help reduce stress levels in mothers to premature newborns and support breast milk production.

This difference is probably due to different intervention methods, such as the duration of the intervention, which was three days in the study of Varişoğlu et al.’s and six days in our study, as well as the duration of playing music or lullaby, which was 15 minutes in the study of Varişoğlu et al.’s and 30 minutes in our study.