Table 4 Ideational and sociodemographic associations with early initiation of breastfeeding and EBF practice
Early Initiation of Breastfeeding | EBF | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Response categories | Average marginal effect | 95% CI | P-value | Average marginal effect | 95% CI | P-value | ||
Maternal ideations | |||||||||
Spontaneously reports any benefits of EBF practice (first six months of infant’s life) for the mother | Any benefit | 0.051 | 0.008, 0.094 | 0.021 | 0.133 | 0.050, 0.220 | 0.003 | ||
No benefit | - | ||||||||
Spontaneously mentions immediate breastfeeding as a method to protect the health of the newborn after delivery | Yes | 0.079 | 0.039, 0.119 | < 0.001 | 0.070 | -0.011, 0.144 | 0.094 | ||
No | - | - | |||||||
Ideal age to introduce complementary foods in addition to breastmilk | 6 Months | 0.030 | -0.008, 0.067 | 0.127 | 0.112 | 0.039, 0.185 | 0.003 | ||
Other responses | |||||||||
Agreed (strongly or somewhat) that breastmilk contains all the nutrients a baby needs in first six months of life | Agree | 0.037 | -0.015, 0.090 | 0.165 | 0.047 | -0.065, 0.160 | 0.409 | ||
Disagree | - | - | |||||||
Agreed (strongly or somewhat) that mother's breastmilk after birth is bad milk | Agree | -0.084 | -0.124, -0.043 | < 0.001 | -0.084 | -0.157, -0.010 | 0.026 | ||
Disagree | |||||||||
Agreed (strongly or somewhat) on the importance of mothers to give their child only breastmilk in the first six months of infant’s life | Agree | -0.016 | -0.060, 0.027 | 0.458 | 0.071 | -0.019, 0.160 | 0.124 | ||
Disagree | - | - | |||||||
Confident (very or somewhat) to practice EBF for first six months of infant’s life | Confident | -0.002 | -0.050, 0.045 | 0.920 | 0.131 | 0.032, 0.230 | 0.010 | ||
Uncertain | |||||||||
Confident (very or somewhat) to start conversation with partner about breastfeeding the child | Confident | 0.016 | -0.030, 0.062 | 0.478 | 0.021 | -0.077, 0.119 | 0.673 | ||
Uncertain | - | - | |||||||
Agreed (strongly or somewhat) that most women in the community give infants only breastmilk in first six months of life | Agree | -0.011 | -0.053, 0.031 | 0.610 | 0.004 | -0.073, 0.081 | 0.920 | ||
Disagree | |||||||||
Does your partner influence your decision to breastfeed | Yes | -0.010 | -0.050, 0.029 | 0.599 | -0.020 | -0.098, 0.058 | 0.611 | ||
No | - | - | |||||||
Does your mother-in-law influence your decision to breastfeed | Yes | -0.053 | -0.107, 0.002 | 0.060 | -0.028 | -0.132, 0.076 | 0.594 | ||
No | - | - | |||||||
Does your mother influence your decision to breastfeed | Yes | 0.040 | -0.023, 0.101 | 0.217 | -0.028 | -0.138, 0.083 | 0.623 | ||
No | - | - | |||||||
Does your healthcare provider influence your decision to breastfeed | Yes | 0.026 | -0.052, 0.104 | 0.513 | 0.237 | 0.033, 0.440 | 0.023 | ||
No | - | - | |||||||
Socio-demographics | |||||||||
Household wealth | Lowest | - | - | ||||||
Second | -0.018 | -0.064, 0.029 | 0.455 | 0.003 | -0.093, 0.099 | 0.948 | |||
Middle | -0.027 | -0.080, 0.025 | 0.313 | 0.035 | -0.072, 0.142 | 0.522 | |||
Fourth | 0.048 | -0.011, 0.106 | 0.110 | 0.044 | -0.107, 0.116 | 0.938 | |||
Highest | 0.018 | -0.047, 0.082 | 0.594 | 0.002 | -0.117, 0.120 | 0.979 | |||
Maternal educationa | Any formal education | 0.028 | -0.023, 0.080 | 0.283 | -0.020 | -0.113,0.072 | 0.666 | ||
None or informal | - | - | |||||||
Maternal age (in years) | 15–24 years | - | - | ||||||
25—34 years | 0.027 | -0.005, 0.058 | 0.098 | 0.023 | -0.044, 0.090 | 0.499 | |||
35—49 years | 0.031 | -0.016, 0.080 | 0.283 | -0.058 | -0.151, 0.035 | 0.224 | |||
Maternal occupation | Work outside home or student | 0.052 | 0.006, 0.098 | 0.027 | 0.018 | -0.058, 0.094 | 0.641 | ||
No work outside home | - | - | |||||||
Other | 0.023 | -0.084, 0.130 | 0.674 | 0.018 | -0.167, 0.203 | 0.849 | |||
Child sex (gender) | Male | 0.005 | -0.023, 0.035 | 0.689 | -0.006 | -0.064, 0.052 | 0.828 | ||
Female | - | - | |||||||
Spousal occupation | Work outside home or student | 0.025 | -0.047, 0.097 | 0.500 | -0.052 | -0.193, 0.089 | 0.472 | ||
No work outside home | - | - | |||||||
Other | 0.062 | -0.053, 0.178 | 0.291 | -0.166 | -0.374, 0.043 | 0.119 | |||
Spousal educationa | Any formal education | -0.035 | -0.077, 0.007 | 0.100 | 0.055 | -0.028, 0.137 | 0.193 | ||
None or informal | - | - | |||||||
Facility delivery | Yes | -0.033 | -0.080, 0.014 | 0.172 | -0.020 | -0.103, 0.063 | 0.638 | ||
No | - | - | |||||||
Skin-to-skin contact after delivery | Yes | 0.022 | -0.020, 0.064 | 0.313 | -0.039 | -0.115, 0.037 | 0.315 | ||
No | - | - | |||||||
ANC 4 + | Yes | 0.066 | 0.024, 0.109 | 0.002 | 0.038 | -0.041, 0.117 | 0.346 | ||
No | - | - | |||||||