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Table 3 Perinatal and lactation outcomes

From: Structured antenatal milk expression education for nulliparous pregnant people: results of a pilot, randomized controlled trial in the United States

 

AME (n = 18)

Control (n = 18)

Pregnancy complications [n (%)]

 Preeclampsia

4 (22)

1 (6)

 Chorioamnionitis (suspected or confirmed)

3 (17)

2 (11)

NICU admission (birth hospitalization) [n (%)]

6 (33)

4 (22)

Infant gestational age (weeks) [median (IQR)]

402/7 (15/7)

401/7 (15/7)

Infant birthweight (grams) [median (IQR)]

3420 (629.5)

3267.5 (421.3)

Delivery method [n (%)]

 Spontaneous vaginal

10 (56)

13 (72)

 Assisted vaginal

1 (6)

1 (6)

 Cesarean section

7 (39)

4 (22)

Direct chest/breastfeeding initiation ≤ 1 h after birth [n (%)]

7 (39)

8 (44)

Infant formula in hospital [n (%)]

8 (44)

6 (33)

 Number infant formula feeds [median (IQR)]a

3.5 (8.8)

6.5 (13.3)

 Total volume infant formula (mL) [median (IQR)]a

76.0 (272.9)

106.3 (601.6)

Expressed milk feeds in hospital [n (%)]b

5 (28)

7 (39)

 Number expressed milk feeds [median (IQR)]c

2.0 (11.0)

3.0 (3.0)

 Total volume expressed milk feeds (mL) [median (IQR)]c

33.0 (367.5)

35.0 (52.5)

Infant feeding status at 1–2 weeks postpartum [n (%)]d

 Only breast milk

16 (89)

13 (76)

 Breast milk + formula

2 (11)

4 (24)

 Only formula

0 (0)

0 (0)

Infant feeding status at 3–4 months postpartum [n (%)]e

 Only breast milk

14 (78)

11 (69)

 Breast milk + formula

1 (6)

4 (25)

 Only formula

3 (17)

1 (6)

BSES-SF scores [median (IQR)]

 Postpartum hospitalization

56 (13.5)

48.5 (17.8)

 1–2 weeks postpartumf

59.0 (14.0)

54.0 (17.5)

 3–4 months postpartumg

67.0 (4.0)

57.0 (11.0)

H & H Lactation Scale scores (perception of insufficient milk, continuous) [median (IQR)]

Postpartum hospitalization

33.0 (4.0)

31.0 (5.3)

 1–2 weeks postpartumh

34.5 (2.0)

32.0 (8.5)

 3–4 months postpartumi

35.0 (1.0)

33.0 (7.0)

Perception of insufficient milk (dichotomous) [n (%)]

Postpartum hospitalization

4 (22)

11 (61)

 1–2 weeks postpartumh

3 (17)

6 (35)

 3–4 months postpartumi

1 (7)

2 (13)

Delayed lactogenesis II [n (%)]j

8 (44)

7 (41)

  1. BSES-SF: Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale Short Form, where higher score reflective of greater breastfeeding self-efficacy, range of possible scores 14–70; H & H Lactation Scale scores (PIBSS subscale), continuous-type measure of perceived insufficient milk, wherein lower scores represented lower confidence or perception that one was making enough milk, range of possible scores 0–35; Perceived insufficient milk, dichotomous-type measure, as indicated by “no” or “unsure” response on survey item, “Do you feel you make enough breast milk to satisfy your baby?”; Delayed lactogenesis II defined as onset ≥ 4 days postpartum and assessed via participant recall at 1–2 weeks postpartum; “breast milk” under feed type reflects survey wording provided to participants
  2. aNumber and volume of in-hospital infant formula feeds, amongst participants whose infants received formula in hospital: Total: n = 14, AME: n = 8, Control: n = 6
  3. bNot specified if expressed milk feeds were antenatal or postpartum milk
  4. cNumber and volume of expressed milk feeds in hospital, amongst participants who infants received expressed milk in hospital: Total: n = 12, AME: n = 5, Control: n = 7
  5. dFeeding status at 1–2 weeks postpartum: Total: n = 35, AME: n = 18, Control: n = 17
  6. eFeeding status at 3–4 months postpartum: Total: n = 34, AME: n = 18, Control: n = 16
  7. fBSES-SF scores at 1–2 weeks postpartum: Total: n = 34, AME: n = 17, Control: n = 17
  8. gBSES-SF scores at 3–4 months postpartum: Total: n = 28, AME: n = 15, Control: n = 13
  9. hH&H Lactation Scale scores and dichotomous measure of perceived insufficient milk at 1–2 weeks postpartum, amongst participants feeding any breast milk: Total: n = 35, AME: n = 18, Control: n = 17
  10. IH&H Lactation Scale scores and dichotomous measure of insufficient milk at 3–4 weeks postpartum, amongst participants feeding any breast milk: Total: n = 30, AME: n = 15, Control: n = 15
  11. jDelayed lactogenesis, as assessed at 1–2 weeks postpartum: Total: n = 34, AME: n = 18, Control: n = 16; among the two participants not included, one did not have data for this variable/did not complete 1–2 week survey, and one did not remember when their milk came in
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International Breastfeeding Journal

ISSN: 1746-4358