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Table 1 Participant characteristics at enrollment (34–366/7 gestational weeks)

From: Structured antenatal milk expression education for nulliparous pregnant people: results of a pilot, randomized controlled trial in the United States

 

AME (n = 18)

Control (n = 18)

Married [n (%)]

14 (78)

13 (72)

Education [n (%)]

 High school or less

0 (0)

0 (0)

 Associate’s or vocational degree/some college

1 (6)

3 (17)

 Bachelor’s degree

9 (50)

9 (50)

 Post-graduate degree

8 (44)

6 (33)

Race [n (%)]

 White/Caucasian

17 (94)

15 (83)

 Black/African American

0 (0)

2 (11)

 Other

1 (6)

1 (6)

Hispanic ethnicity [n (%)]

1 (6)

0 (0)

WICa recipient [n (%)]

0 (0)

2 (11)

Employed (at enrollment) [n (%)]

18 (100)

14 (78)

Age [median (IQR)]

31.5 (4.5)

31.0 (7.5)

Pre-pregnancy BMI [median (IQR)]

23.6 (3.6)

22.6 (5.0)

Planned duration of any breastfeeding [n (%)]

Unsure

4 (22)

2 (11)

 ≤ 6 months

0 (0)

0 (0)

 > 6 months

14 (78)

16 (89)

Planned duration of exclusive breastfeeding [n (%)]

Unsure

3 (17)

2 (11)

 < 6 months

2 (11)

3 (17)

 ≥ 6 months

13 (72)

13 (72)

Endorsed breast growth in pregnancy [n (%)]

15 (83)

17 (94)

BSES-SF score at enrollmentb [median (IQR)]

53.0 (6.0)

42.0 (15.0)

IIFAS score at enrollmentc [median (IQR)]

69.5 (7.3)

62.0 (8.0)

EDA/PSS score at enrollmentd [median (IQR)]

20.0 (8.3)

23.0 (7.3)

  1. aWIC: Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children, a U.S. federal assistance program serving low-income families
  2. bBSES-SF: Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale: higher score indicative of greater breastfeeding self-efficacy
  3. cIIFAS: Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale: higher score indicative of more positive breastfeeding attitude; n = 17 for control group
  4. dEDA/PSS: combined PROMIS Emotional Distress Anxiety 4-item bank, Perceived Stress Scale-4 item and PRAMS Depression/Anxiety 3-item, higher score indicative of greater depression/anxiety