Table 2 Maternal factors
From: Breastfeeding, nutrition and type 1 diabetes: a case-control study in Izmir, Turkey
Cases | Controls | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
Mean age at birth (years, n = 246) | 27.48 ± 5.26 | 27.89 ± 5.41 | 0.544 |
BMI classification before pregnancy (n = 235) | |||
Under weight | 6 (5.3%) | 8 (6.6%) | 0.444 |
Normal weight | 72 (63.7%) | 85 (69.7%) | |
Over-weight | 26 (23.0%) | 18 (14.8%) | |
Obese | 9 (7.9%) | 11 (9.0%) | |
Mean of total weight gained during pregnancy (n = 239) | 14.51 ± 12.53 | 13.06 ± 8.53 | 0.295 |
Oral GTT during pregnancy (n = 243) | |||
Yes | 83 (70.9%) | 96 (76.2%) | 0.353 |
No | 34 (29.1%) | 30 (23.8%) | |
Gestational diabetes mellitus during pregnancy* (n = 188) | |||
Yes | 17 (19.1%) | 13 (13.1%) | 0.264 |
No | 72 (81.9%) | 86 (86.9%) | |
Form of delivery (n = 244) | |||
Vaginal | 40 (33.7%) | 43 (34.4%) | 0.897 |
Cesarean section | 79 (66.3%) | 82 (65.6%) | |
Mean of birth order (n = 246) | 1.64 ± 0.74 | 1.68 ± 0.83 | 0.666 |
Birth interval (n = 244) | |||
First child | 49 (41.1%) | 54 (43.2%) | 0.043 |
< 3 years | 20 (16.8%) | 24 (19.2%) | |
3–6 years | 26 (21.8%) | 37 (29.6%) | |
> 6 years | 24 (20.1%) | 10 (8.0%) | |
Supplemented with iron during pregnancy (n = 246) | |||
Yes | 99 (82.5%) | 97 (77.0%) | 0.283 |
No | 21 (17.5%) | 29 (23.0%) | |
Supplemented with Vitamin D during pregnancy (n = 230) | |||
Yes | 62 (59.0%) | 75 (60.0%) | 0.883 |
No | 43 (41.0%) | 50 (40.0%) | |
Supplemented with probiotic during pregnancy (n = 246) | |||
Yes | – | 2 (1.6%) | |
No | 120 (100.0%) | 124 (98.4%) | |