Table 4 Association between stunting (length, for, age Z, score < 2 SD) and characteristics of the children. mother and household. National Health and Nutrition Survey. Ecuador. 2012 (n = 625, expanded sample = 48,069)
From: Breastfeeding, feeding practices and stunting in indigenous Ecuadorians under 2 years of age
Variables | Stuntig | Stuntig | OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
n (expanded sample) | Expanded simple | ||
% (95% CI) | |||
Children characteristics | |||
Sex | |||
Male | 96 (6503) | 50.5 (38.8, 62.1) | 1 |
Female | 79 (6371) | 49.5 (37.9, 61.2) | 0.62 (0.34, 1.12) |
Age | |||
0–5 months | 16 (1270) | 9.9 (5.5, 17.1) | 1 |
6–12 months | 34 (1989) | 15.4 (10, 23.1) | 1.51 (0.7, 3.27) |
13–18 months | 62 (4295) | 33.4 (24.5, 43.6) | 5.03 (2.26, 11.21)** |
19–23 months | 63 (5322) | 41.3 (32.8, 50.4) | 21.99 (8.37, 57.77)** |
Diarrhea, cough, or runny nose on the last 2 weeks | |||
No | 84 (7187) | 57 (47.8, 65.8) | 1 |
Yes | 89 (5414) | 43 (34.2, 52.2) | 1.01 (0.64, 1.59) |
Mother’s characteristics | |||
Mother´s age (years) | |||
14–17 | 8 (480) | 3.7 (1.6, 8.5) | 1 |
18–25 | 75 (4914) | 38.2 (30.3, 46.7) | 0.75 (0.27, 2.07) |
26–35 | 61 (5149) | 40 (31.6, 49) | 0.91 (0.33, 2.48) |
Over 35 | 31 (2332) | 18.1 (12.4, 25.7) | 1.76 (0.57, 5.46) |
Mother´s educational level | |||
No studies | 6 (605) | 4.8 (2, 11.3) | 1 |
Primary | 99 (8155) | 64.7 (56.2, 72.3) | 1.9 (0.61, 5.96) |
High School | 62 (3530) | 28 (21.2, 36) | 1.6 (0.49, 5.23) |
University | 6 (312) | 2.5 (0.9, 6.5) | 0.57 (0.13, 2.55) |
Mother´s marital status | |||
Civil union/married | 157 (11,779) | 93.5 (87.9, 96.6) | 1 |
Single | 8 (387) | 3.1 (1.4, 6.5) | 0.25 (0.1, 0.63)** |
Divorced/separated/widowed | 8 (435) | 3.5 (1.3, 8.9) | 0.35 (0.11, 1.12) |
Number of children | |||
1–3 | 96 (7106) | 56.4 (47.5, 64.9) | 1 |
4–7 | 55 (3857) | 30.6 (22.1, 40.7) | 1.94 (1.13, 3.33)* |
Over 7 | 22 (1639) | 13 (8.1, 20.2) | 3.24 (1.7, 6.15)** |
Mother´s height < 147 cm | |||
> 147 cm | 103 (6554) | 59.7 (47.6, 70.7) | 1 |
< 147 cm | 50 (4426) | 40.3 (29.3, 52.4) | 1.15 (0.61, 2.16) |
Household characteristics | |||
Area of residence | |||
Urban | 38 (2490) | 19.3 (13.8, 26.4) | 1 |
Rural | 137 (10,385) | 80.7 (73.6, 86.2) | 1.96 (1.04, 3.69)* |
Economic quintile | |||
1 (poorest) | 138 (9793) | 76.1 (66.9, 83.3) | 1 |
2 | 26 (2046) | 15.9 (10.5, 23.4) | 0.55 (0.31, 0.98)* |
3 | 9 (880) | 6.8 (2.7, 16.4) | 0.43 (0.14, 1.32) |
4 | 1 (30) | 0.2 (0, 1.7) | 0.03 (0, 0.28)** |
5 (richest) | 1 (125) | 1 (0.1, 6.8) | 0.73 (0.08, 6.48) |
Home in extreme poverty | |||
No | 87 (6049) | 47 (37.5, 56.7) | 1 |
Yes | 88 (6825) | 53 (43.3, 62.5) | 1.83 (1.18, 2.83)** |
Human Development Voucher | |||
No | 73 (4992) | 38.8 (30.5, 47.8) | 1 |
Yes | 102 (7882) | 61.2 (52.2, 69.5) | 2.57 (1.65, 3.98)b |