Skip to main content

Table 5 Age-adjusted associations of socio-demographic characteristics and birth outcomes (explanatory variables) and feeding practices (outcome variables)

From: Prenatal breastfeeding knowledge, attitude and intention, and their associations with feeding practices during the first six months of life: a cohort study in Lebanon and Qatar

 

Ever BF

Breastfeeding initiation

EBF for 4 months

Breastfeeding for 4 months

EBF for 6 months

Breastfeeding for 6 months

OR

CI 95%

OR

CI 95%

OR

CI 95%

OR

CI 95%

OR

CI 95%

OR

CI 95%

Sociodemographic characteristics

Age (ref: < 25)

25 − 29.9

1.45

(0.28, 7.54)

1.42

(0.59, 3.42)

0.43

(0.19, 0.95)

0.47

(0.2, 1.11)

0.91

(0.27, 3.13)

0.49

(0.2, 1.18)

 ≥ 30

2.28

(0.37, 14.23)

1

(0.44, 2.32)

0.72

(0.34, 1.56)

0.78

(0.32, 1.89)

2.59

(0.85, 7.93)

0.8

(0.32, 1.98)

Country (ref: Lebanon)

Qatar

0.77

(0.18, 3.19)

6.25

(2.58, 15.14)

0.62

(0.33, 1.17)

1.19

(0.61, 2.3)

1.29

(0.55, 3.03)

1.16

(0.58, 2.32)

Number of children (excluding this pregnancy) (ref: None)

1 or more

1.47

(0.32, 6.76)

2.84

(1.33, 6.08)

2.37

(1.13, 4.97)

1.97

(0.96, 4.04)

1.69

(0.63, 4.56)

1.67

(0.8, 3.49)

Crowding index (ref: < 1 person / room)

 ≥ 1 person / room

0.13

(0.02, 1.12)

4.13

(1.94, 8.83)

0.64

(0.34, 1.22)

0.62

(0.32, 1.22)

1.19

(0.5, 2.82)

0.65

(0.33, 1.32)

Education (ref: up to high school a)

University or higher

1.21

(0.26, 5.69)

0.9

(0.41, 1.97)

1.04

(0.51, 2.14)

1.1

(0.52, 2.34)

0.74

(0.29, 1.92)

0.94

(0.43, 2.02)

Health-related degree (ref: No)

Yes

1.61

(0.3, 8.51)

2.46

(1.09, 5.55)

0.63

(0.29, 1.38)

0.7

(0.29, 1.7)

0.88

(0.29, 2.67)

0.9

(0.36, 2.24)

Employment (ref: Housewife)

Employed / Student

0.43

(0.09, 1.98)

0.4

(0.19, 0.83)

0.62

(0.33, 1.19)

0.6

(0.3, 1.17)

1.22

(0.51, 2.9)

0.48

(0.24, 0.97)

Related to husband (ref: Yes)

No

0.66

(0.08, 5.58)

0.38

(0.13, 1.17)

0.96

(0.42, 2.22)

0.71

(0.28, 1.8)

0.68

(0.24, 1.96)

0.6

(0.23, 1.57)

Husband's educational level (ref: up to high school)

University or higher

0.75

(0.15, 3.87)

0.83

(0.39, 1.75)

1.23

(0.62, 2.45)

1.56

(0.77, 3.15)

1.21

(0.47, 3.07)

1.33

(0.64, 2.78)

Income (ref: Low, < 1000 US$)

Medium, 1000 − 2000 US$

1.53

(0.08, 27.87)

0.48

(0.1, 2.28)

1.03

(0.27, 3.96)

0.88

(0.21, 3.7)

1.34

(0.21, 8.47)

0.74

(0.17, 3.3)

High, > 2000 US$

0.6

(0.06, 6.36)

0.5

(0.11, 2.17)

0.78

(0.23, 2.7)

1.25

(0.33, 4.76)

1.07

(0.19, 6.03)

0.93

(0.23, 3.71)

Birth outcomes

Type of delivery (ref: Cesarean section)

Normal / Vaginal

3.82

(0.8, 18.26)

2.91

(1.39, 6.1)

1.12

(0.55, 2.3)

1.83

(0.89, 3.8)

2.37

(0.8, 6.96)

1.67

(0.78, 3.56)

Occurrence of any complications during delivery (ref: No)

yes

0.49

(0.1, 2.56)

1.18

(0.57, 2.43)

0.8

(0.41, 1.6)

0.5

(0.24, 1.06)

0.61

(0.22, 1.67)

0.41

(0.18, 0.9)

Gestational age classification (ref: Preterm)

Full term

1.6

(0.18, 14.15)

2.13

(0.63, 7.15)

2.08

(0.54, 8.04)

1.03

(0.3, 3.58)

0.96

(0.19, 4.88)

0.93

(0.26, 3.41)

Birth weight classification (ref: Low birth weight / macrosomia)

Normal birth weight (2500 − 4000 g)

2.24

(0.24, 20.98)

1.6

(0.49, 5.19)

0.68

(0.22, 2.16)

0.78

(0.2, 3.01)

0.39

(0.1, 1.58)

0.77

(0.19, 3.18)

  1. Values in this table represent OR and their corresponding 95% CI, ORs with a bold font are statistically significant
  2. aIncluding technical diploma
  3. BF breastfeeding, CI confidence interval, EBF exclusive breastfeeding, OR odds ratio; ref: reference category