Table 2 Prevalence and concentration index of exclusive breastfeeding, early initiation of breastfeeding and skin-to-skin contact between mother and newborn in Nigeria
From: Skin-to-skin contact and breastfeeding practices in Nigeria: a study of socioeconomic inequalities
| Â | Exclusive breastfeeding | Skin-to-skin contact | Early initiation of breastfeeding | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Urban | Rural | Total | Urban | Rural | Total | Urban | Rural | Total | |
Household wealth quintile | |||||||||
 Poorest (%) | 51.1 | 24.8 | 26.6 | 5.2 | 8.1 | 7.9 | 46.7 | 31.5 | 32.8 |
 Poorer (%) | 28.0 | 23.7 | 24.3 | 9.4 | 10.7 | 10.5 | 45.0 | 38.2 | 39.2 |
 Middle (%) | 37.4 | 26.8 | 30.7 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 46.5 | 48.8 | 47.9 |
 Richer (%) | 37.6 | 41.7 | 39.3 | 15.4 | 13.4 | 14.6 | 49.7 | 53.5 | 51.2 |
 Richest (%) | 47.9 | 34.8 | 45.0 | 18.0 | 17.4 | 17.9 | 55.5 | 55.0 | 55.4 |
 Overall (%) | 40.4 | 27.4 | 31.8 | 14.5 | 10.8 | 12.1 | 50.3 | 40.8 | 44.2 |
 Concentration index | 0.061 | 0.083 | 0.118 | 0.125 | 0.121 | 0.152 | 0.042 | 0.114 | 0.103 |
 Standard error | 0.021 | 0.021 | 0.015 | 0.015 | 0.013 | 0.010 | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.004 |
 P-valueα | 0.004* | < 0.001* | < 0.001* | < 0.001* | < 0.001* | < 0.001* | < 0.001* | < 0.001* | < 0.001* |
Rural-urban comparison | |||||||||
 z-stat | 0.73 |  | −0.18 |  | 8.55 |  | |||
 Difference in concentration index values | 0.022 |  | −0.004 |  | 0.073 |  | |||
 P-valueβ | 0.464 |  | 0.855 |  | < 0.001* |  | |||
Mother’s education | |||||||||
 No formal education (%) | 30.7 | 21.3 | 22.9 | 11.6 | 8.2 | 8.8 | 43.7 | 34.3 | 35.9 |
 Primary (%) | 32.0 | 27.0 | 28.6 | 12.3 | 11.4 | 11.8 | 50.2 | 44.5 | 46.5 |
 Secondary (%) | 45.8 | 37.2 | 41.5 | 14.2 | 15.6 | 14.9 | 51.7 | 51.7 | 51.7 |
 Higher (%) | 45.8 | 52.5 | 48.1 | 21.7 | 17.1 | 20.4 | 54.9 | 51.8 | 54.0 |
 Overall (%) | 40.4 | 27.4 | 31.8 | 14.5 | 10.8 | 12.1 | 50.3 | 40.8 | 44.2 |
 Concentration index | 0.086 | 0.149 | 0.157 | 0.109 | 0.157 | 0.156 | 0.037 | 0.097 | 0.091 |
 Standard error | 0.021 | 0.019 | 0.014 | 0.015 | 0.012 | 0.010 | 0.006 | 0.005 | 0.004 |
 P-valueα | < 0.001* | < 0.001* | < 0.001* | < 0.001* | < 0.001* | < 0.001* | < 0.001* | < 0.001* | < 0.001* |
Rural-urban comparison | |||||||||
 z-stat | 2.26 |  | 2.46 |  | 7.43 |  | |||
 Difference in concentration index values | 0.063 |  | 0.048 |  | 0.060 |  | |||
 P-valueβ | 0.033* |  | 0.014* |  | < 0.001* |  | |||