Table 4 Effect of early initiation and duration of breastfeeding in infant mortality
Variable | Pooled sample | Male | Female | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted HR (95%CI) | p | Adjusted HR (95%CI) | p | Unadjusted HR (95%CI) | p | Adjusted HR (95%CI) | p | Unadjusted HR (95%CI) | p | Adjusted HR (95%CI) | p | |
Child put to breast within 1 h after delivery | 0.84 (0.79, 0.88) | < 0.001 | 0.80 (0.67, 0.96) | 0.016 | 0.83 (0.77, 0.89) | < 0.001 | 0.76 (0.59, 0.97) | 0.028 | 0.84 (0.78, 0.91) | < 0.001 | 0.85 (0.65, 1.12) | 0.250 |
Duration of breastfeeding | 0.81 (0.80, 0.82) | < 0.001 | 0.79 (0.77, 0.80) | < 0.001 | 0.80 (0.79, 0.81) | < 0.001 | 0.78 (0.76, 0.80) | < 0.001 | 0.83 (0.82, 0.84) | < 0.001 | 0.80 (0.77, 0.82) | < 0.001 |
Place of residence | ||||||||||||
 Urban | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  |
 Rural | 1.39 (1.33, 1.44) | < 0.001 | 1.04 (0.82, 1.32) | 0.768 | 1.37 (1.30, 1.45) | < 0.001 | 1.08 (0.79, 1.49) | 0.623 | 1.40 (1.32, 1.48) | < 0.001 | 1.00 (0.69, 1.43) | 0.983 |
Mother’s age | ||||||||||||
 15–19 | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  |
 20–24 | 0.75 (0.70, 0.81) | < 0.001 | 1.02 (0.71, 1.46) | 0.914 | 0.72 (0.65, 0.79) | < 0.001 | 0.96 (0.60, 1.54) | 0.868 | 0.80 (0.71, 0.89) | < 0.001 | 1.10 (0.63, 1.93) | 0.729 |
 25–29 | 0.73 (0.68, 0.79) | < 0.001 | 1.11 (0.78, 1.59) | 0.556 | 0.72 (0.65, 0.79) | < 0.001 | 1.03 (0.65, 1.64) | 0.899 | 0.75 (0.68, 0.84) | < 0.001 | 1.22 (0.71, 2.12) | 0.475 |
 30–34 | 0.71 (0.66, 0.76) | < 0.001 | 0.88 (0.60, 1.29) | 0.502 | 0.69 (0.63, 0.76) | < 0.001 | 0.77 (0.46, 1.29) | 0.329 | 0.73 (0.65, 0.82) | < 0.001 | 1.02 (0.57, 1.83) | 0.956 |
 35–39 | 0.74 (0.68, 0.80) | < 0.001 | 1.13 (0.76, 1.68) | 0.540 | 0.73 (0.65, 0.81) | < 0.001 | 1.14 (0.68, 1.90) | 0.612 | 0.76 (0.67, 0.85) | < 0.001 | 1.11 (0.60, 2.05) | 0.751 |
 40–44 | 0.78 (0.71, 0.85) | < 0.001 | 1.79 (1.17, 2.74) | 0.007 | 0.71 (0.63, 0.80) | < 0.001 | 2.06 (1.18, 3.59) | 0.010 | 0.86 (0.76, 0.98) | 0.023 | 1.58 (0.81, 0.07) | 0.178 |
 45–49 | 0.97 (0.87, 1.09) | 0.645 | 3.28 (1.96, 5.51) | < 0.001 | 0.94 (0.80, 1.10) | 0.409 | 2.93 (1.50, 5.72) | 0.002 | 1.02 (0.87, 1.21) | 0.788 | 3.57 (1.57, 8.10) | 0.002 |
Mother’s educational level | ||||||||||||
 None | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  |
 Primary | 0.74 (0.71, 0.77) | < 0.001 | 1.83 (1.46, 2.29) | < 0.001 | 0.73 (0.69, 0.77) | < 0.001 | 1.88 (1.39, 2.54) | < 0.001 | 0.75 (0.71, 0.79) | < 0.001 | 1.79 (1.27, 2.50) | 0.001 |
 Secondary | 0.57 (0.54, 0.59) | < 0.001 | 0.77 (0.57, 1.03) | 0.079 | 0.56 (0.53, 0.60) | < 0.001 | 0.85 (0.58, 1.26) | 0.421 | 0.57 (0.53, 0.61) | < 0.001 | 0.66 (0.42, 1.05) | 0.077 |
 Higher | 0.27 (0.23, 0.32) | < 0.001 | 0.20 (0.07, 0.55) | 0.002 | 0.27 (0.22, 0.35) | < 0.001 | 0.00 | – | 0.27 (0.21, 0.35) | < 0.001 | 0.39 (0.13, 1.15) | 0.087 |
Household wealth index | Â | |||||||||||
 Poorest | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  |
 Poorer | 0.98 (0.94, 1.03) | 0.465 | 1.20 (0.94, 1.55) | 0.149 | 0.96 (0.91, 1.02) | 0.236 | 1.38 (0.98, 1.95) | 0.064 | 1.01 (0.95, 1.07) | 0.823 | 1.03 (0.71, 1.49) | 0.886 |
 Middle | 0.86 (0.82, 0.91) | < 0.001 | 0.87 (0.65, 1.15) | 0.331 | 0.84 (0.79, 0.90) | < 0.001 | 1.02 (0.70, 1.49) | 0.925 | 0.89 (0.83, 0.95) | 0.001 | 0.72 (0.47, 1.10) | 0.131 |
 Richer | 0.77 (0.73, 0.81) | < 0.001 | 0.86 (0.63, 1.17) | 0.335 | 0.76 (0.71, 0.81) | < 0.001 | 0.94 (0.62, 1.44) | 0.785 | 0.78 (0.72, 0.84) | < 0.001 | 0.77 (0.49, 1.22) | 0.269 |
 Richest | 0.56 (0.53, 0.60) | < 0.001 | 0.83 (0.58, 1.21) | 0.336 | 0.58 (0.53, 0.62) | < 0.001 | 0.97 (0.59, 1.60) | 0.903 | 0.55 (0.50, 0.60) | < 0.001 | 0.72 (0.41, 1.25) | 0.238 |