Table 2 Results of multilevel logistic regression models for variables associated with breastfeeding behaviors at six months (n = 374)
|  | ABFa at 6 months | EBFb at 6 months | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AOR | (95% CI) | P-value | AOR | (95% CI) | P-value | |
Age (year) | ||||||
  < 25 years |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |
 25 ̶ 29.9 years | 3.09 | (1.12, 8.48) | 0.028 | 1.63 | (0.58, 4.84) | 0.373 |
  ≥ 30 years | 1.90 | (0.75, 4.80) | 0.178 | 1.59 | (0.56, 4.51) | 0.383 |
Mother has a university degree | ||||||
 No |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |
 Yes | 0.96 | (0.46, 2.03) | 0.819 | 1.28 | (0.69, 2.69) | 0.515 |
Mother employed | ||||||
 No |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |
 Yes | 0.43 | (0.22, 0.83) | 0.013 | 0.28 | (0.14, 0.54) | 0.001 |
Mother nationality | ||||||
 Arab |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |
 Others (westerner, Asian, African) | 2.67 | (070, 10.11) | 0.146 | 1.73 | (0.62, 4.89) | 0.29 |
Religion | ||||||
 Muslim |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |
 Other | 2.44 | (0.61, 10.81) | 0.220 | 1.43 | (0.54, 4.08) | 0.483 |
Anyone in the household smokes tobacco | ||||||
 No |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |
 Yes | 0.57 | (0.30, 1.07) | 0.082 | 0.63 | (0.34, 1.15) | 0.134 |
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2)c | ||||||
  < 25 |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |
  ≥ 25 | 0.61 | (0.32, 1.16) | 0.132 | 1.20 | (0.65, 2.22) | 0.528 |
Gestational weight gain | ||||||
 Insufficient (below recommendations) | 1.40 | (0.60, 3.16) | 0.408 | 1.00 | (0.48, 2.07) | 0.999 |
 Adequate |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |
 Excessive (above recommendations) | 2.12 | (0.99, 4.44) | 0.545 | 1.18 | (0.60, 2.23) | 0.614 |
Parity | ||||||
 Primiparous |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |
 Multiparous | 1.49 | (0.64, 3.60) | 0.375 | 1.42 | (0.65, 3.02) | 0.388 |
Infant sex | ||||||
 Male |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |
 Female | 0.64 | (0.33, 1.12) | 0.115 | 1.01 | (0.59, 1.75) | 0.959 |
Type of delivery | ||||||
 Vaginal |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |
 Cesarean | 1.16 | (0.58, 2.33) | 0.676 | 1.08 | (0.57, 2.05) | 0.773 |
Skin-to-skin contact within 30 min of birth | ||||||
 No |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |
 Yes | 0.46 | (0.19, 1.11) | 0.112 | 1.71 | (0.67, 4.20) | 0.247 |
Breastfeeding initiated within one hour of birth | ||||||
 No |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |
 Yes | 3.20 | (1.55, 6.62) | 0.01 | 1.06 | (0.51, 2.21) | 0.863 |
Breastfeeding problems | ||||||
 No |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |
 Yes | 0.48 | (0.23, 1.01) | 0.530 | 0.62 | (0.34, 1.18) | 0.133 |
Attended breastfeeding class | ||||||
 No |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |
 Yes | 1.16 | (0.56, 2.40) | 0.688 | 0.88 | (0.46, 1. 75) | 0.725 |
Breastfeeding self-efficacy | ||||||
 Bottom 75% |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |
 Top 25% | 4.50 | (1.58, 12.85) | 0.003 | 2.31 | (1.20, 4.44) | 0.012 |
Clinically significant EPDSd score at any time point | ||||||
 No |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |
 Yes | 0.51 | (0.26, 0.99) | 0.038 | 0.39 | (0.22, 0.71) | 0.002 |
Clinically significant STAIe score at any time point | ||||||
 No |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |
 Yes | 0.54 | (0.18, 1.61) | 0.259 | 0.83 | (0.39, 2.13) | 0.834 |
Satisfied with breastfeeding support from husband | ||||||
 No |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |
 Yes | 1.28 | (0.38, 4.30) | 0.680 | 1.32 | (0.35, 5.06) | 0.698 |
Satisfied with breastfeeding support from family and friends | ||||||
 No |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |
 Yes | 3.70 | (1.34, 10.21) | 0.008 |  | 1.27 (0.42, 3.82) | 0.692 |