Breast milk to blood lead ratios among women from the West Bank of Palestine: a cross-sectional study of associated factors

Table 4 Predictors of higher breast milk lead levels and breast milk to blood (M/B) lead ratios

Variable	β	SE	Wald	p-value	OR	95% CI for OR
Variable	β	SE	Wald	p-value	OR	Lower	Upper
Breast milk lead level
Urban residence	1.60	0.77	4.34	0.04	4.96	1.10	22.38
Worked in agriculture	0.97	1.15	0.70	0.40	2.63	0.27	25.11
Constant	−3.43	1.05	10.65	0.00	0.03
M/B lead ratios
Urban residence	1.95	0.73	7.09	0.01	7.06	1.68	29.77
Use of eye kohl^a	2.66	1.22	4.78	0.03	14.29	1.32	155.06
Use of hair dye	1.67	0.62	7.26	0.01	5.33	1.58	18.00
Use of clay utensils	2.39	1.24	3.70	0.05	10.87	0.96	123.48
Constant	−5.23	1.83	8.13	0.00	0.01

^aEye kohl is an eye cosmetic commonly worn by women in the Middle East, Africa, and the Indian Subcontinent. CI Confidence interval, aOR adjusted odds ratio to control for confounding variables, SE Standard error. A Backward Stepwise Likelihood Ratio method was used. The goodness of fit was good as indicated by a statistically non-significant Chi-square’s value of 0.58, p-value = 0.902 (Hosmer and Lemeshow Test) and a statistically significant model’s Chi-square’s value of 21.0, p-value < 0.001

ISSN: 1746-4358