Table 2 Lead concentrations in blood, breast milk, and breast milk to blood (M/B) lead ratios
Variable | n | % | Blood lead level (μg/dL) | Milk lead level (μg/dL) | M/B ratio | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Median (Q1, Q3) | p-value | Median (Q1, Q3) | p-value | Median (Q1, Q3) | p-value | |||
Age (years) | ||||||||
25 | 35 | 43.8 | 1.00 (0.80, 1.50) | 0.56 | 0.40 (0.20, 0.40) | 0.94 | 0.33 (0.20, 0.50) | 0.88 |
≥ 25 | 45 | 56.3 | 1.00 (0.60, 1.40) | 0.40 (0.20, 0.40) | 0.33 (0.20, 0.43) | |||
Number of children | ||||||||
≤ 2 | 43 | 53.8 | 1.00 (0.80, 1.40) | 0.91 | 0.40 (0.20, 0.40) | 0.96 | 0.33 (0.20, 0.50) | 0.69 |
> 2 | 37 | 46.3 | 1.00 (0.60, 1.40) | 0.40 (0.20, 0.40) | 0.33 (0.20, 0.40) | |||
Breastfeeding duration (months) | ||||||||
< 6 | 34 | 42.5 | 1.00 (0.60, 1.25) | 0.07 | 0.40 (0.20, 0.40) | 0.87 | 0.37 (0.24, 0.50) | 0.05 |
≥ 6 | 46 | 57.5 | 1.20 (0.80, 1.40) | 0.40 (0.20, 0.40) | 0.33 (0.17, 0.40) | |||
Place of residence | ||||||||
Rural areas | 52 | 65.0 | 1.00 (0.70, 1.30) | 0.45 | 0.20 (0.20, 0.40) | 0.00 | 0.31 (0.19, 0.40) | 0.03 |
Urban areas | 28 | 35.0 | 1.10 (0.70, 1.60) | 0.40 (0.20, 0.60) | 0.40 (0.29, 0.50) | |||
Chipping house paint | ||||||||
No | 54 | 67.5 | 1.00 (0.80, 1.40) | 0.77 | 0.20 (0.20, 0.40) | 0.19 | 0.33 (0.20, 0.40) | 0.11 |
Yes | 26 | 32.5 | 1.00 (0.60, 1.40) | 0.40 (0.20, 0.40) | 0.37 (0.25, 0.57) | |||
Distance from paints shop | ||||||||
Close (< 200 m) | 15 | 18.8 | 1.20 (0.80, 1.40) | 0.21 | 0.40 (0.20, 0.40) | 0.46 | 0.33 (0.20, 0.43) | 0.92 |
Far (> 200 m) | 65 | 81.3 | 1.00 (0.60, 1.40) | 0.20 (0.20, 0.40) | 0.33 (0.20, 0.50) | |||
Distance from industrial area | ||||||||
Close (< 200 m) | 22 | 27.5 | 1.20 (0.80, 1.40) | 0.14 | 0.40 (0.20, 0.40) | 0.04 | 0.33 (0.20, 0.43) | 0.94 |
Far (> 200 m) | 58 | 72.5 | 1.00 (0.60, 1.40) | 0.20 (0.20, 0.40) | 0.33 (0.20, 0.50) | |||
Distance from gas station | ||||||||
Close (< 200 m) | 12 | 15.0 | 1.20 (0.90, 1.40) | 0.17 | 0.40 (0.20, 0.40) | 0.53 | 0.27 (0.17, 0.42) | 0.34 |
Far (> 200 m) | 68 | 85.0 | 1.00 (0.60, 1.40) | 0.30 (0.20, 0.40) | 0.33 (0.20, 0.50) | |||
Monthly household income (US$) | ||||||||
< 1000 | 64 | 80.0 | 1.00 (0.70, 1.40) | 0.83 | 0.20 (0.20, 0.40) | 0.06 | 0.33 (0.20, 0.45) | 0.17 |
≥ 1000 | 16 | 20.0 | 1.10 (0.70, 1.30) | 0.40 (0.30, 0.40) | 0.40 (0.29, 0.50) | |||
Educational level | ||||||||
School | 54 | 67.5 | 1.00 (0.60, 1.40) | 0.95 | 0.40 (0.20, 0.40) | 0.83 | 0.33 (0.20, 0.50) | 0.68 |
University | 26 | 32.5 | 1.00 (0.80, 1.20) | 0.30 (0.20, 0.40) | 0.33 (0.20, 0.50) | |||
Employment | ||||||||
Unemployed | 70 | 87.5 | 1.00 (0.80, 1.40) | 0.12 | 0.40 (0.20, 0.40) | 0.76 | 0.33 (0.20, 0.43) | 0.10 |
Employed | 10 | 12.5 | 8.00 (0.60, 1.20) | 0.40 (0.20, 0.40) | 0.45 (0.33, 0.50) | |||
Husband’s occupation | ||||||||
White-collar job | 23 | 28.8 | 1.00 (0.60, 1.30) | 0.27 | 0.40 (0.20, 0.40) | 0.42 | 0.40 (0.33, 0.50) | 0.06 |
Blue-collar job | 57 | 71.3 | 1.00 (0.80, 1.40) | 0.40 (0.20, 0.40) | 0.33 (0.20, 0.40) | |||
Worked in agriculture | ||||||||
No | 25 | 31.3 | 1.00 (0.70, 1.40) | 0.62 | 0.40 (0.20, 0.40) | 0.07 | 0.33 (0.25, 0.50) | 0.05 |
Yes | 55 | 68.8 | 1.00 (1.00, 1.40) | 0.40 (0.20, 0.40) | 0.29 (0.17, 0.40) | |||
Use of cosmetics | ||||||||
No | 46 | 57.5 | 1.00 (0.60, 1.40) | 0.64 | 0.30 (0.20, 0.40) | 0.63 | 0.33 (0.20, 0.50) | 0.40 |
Yes | 34 | 42.5 | 1.00 (0.80, 1.40) | 0.40 (0.20, 0.40) | 0.37 (0.20, 0.50) | |||
Use of kohla | ||||||||
No | 4 | 5.0 | 1.30 (0.90, 2.30) | 0.34 | 0.20 (0.20, 0.30) | 0.23 | 0.16 (0.14, 0.25) | 0.03 |
Yes | 76 | 95.0 | 1.00 (0.70, 1.40) | 0.40 (0.20, 0.40) | 0.33 (0.20, 0.50) | |||
Use of hair dye | ||||||||
No | 38 | 47.5 | 1.00 (0.60, 1.40) | 0.52 | 0.20 (0.20, 0.30) | 0.33 | 0.33 (0.25, 0.40) | 0.59 |
Yes | 42 | 52.5 | 1.00 (0.80, 1.40) | 0.40 (0.20, 0.40) | 0.33 (0.20, 0.50) | |||
Use of clay utensils | ||||||||
No | 76 | 95.0 | 1.00 (0.60, 1.40) | 0.37 | 0.40 (0.20, 0.40) | 0.23 | 0.33 (0.20, 0.50) | 0.08 |
Yes | 4 | 5.0 | 1.20 (1.10, 1.30) | 0.20 (0.20, 0.30) | 0.19 (0.16, 0.27) | |||