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Table 2 Cross-tabulations of exposure and probable confounding variables with early initiation of breastfeeding within one hour of birth (n = 2343)

From: Effectiveness of peer counseling and membership in breastfeeding support groups in promoting optimal breastfeeding behaviors in the Philippines

Variable/Category

Initiation of breastfeedinga

p-value

Visit by a peer counselor during prenatal period

Late

Early

< 0.01

No

611 (37.3)

1138 (60.8)

Yes

147 (29.1)

346 (70.1)

Membership in breastfeeding support groups

< 0.01

 No

580 (38.4)

1032 (59.6)

 Yes

181 (29.0)

463 (70.1)

Place of residence

0.03

 Urban area

707 (38.1)

1304 (59.8)

 Rural area

56 (25.3)

196 (74.8)

Age of mothers in years

< 0.01

 15–19

52 (32.3)

119 (65.2)

 20–24

214 (37.0)

402 (61.5)

 25–29

193 (33.3)

426 (65.9)

 30–34

197 (41.8)

303 (56.2)

 35–39

65 (24.2)

170 (72.8)

 40–50

40 (32.9)

75 (65.8)

Monthly income (PhP)

< 0.01

 0–3800

129 (30.6)

322 (67.4)

 3801 – 5999

110 (27.1)

287 (72.0)

 6000 – 8999

185 (39.4)

322 (58.8)

 9000 – 15,999

152 (34.4)

311 (64.1)

 16,000+

187 (43.2)

258 (55.0)

Employment status of mother

0.97

 Employed

701 (35.2)

1392 (63.1)

 Unemployed

62 (35.3)

108 (63.6)

Employment status of partner

0.46

 Employed

681 (35.6)

1343 (62.8)

 Unemployed

33 (40.4)

50 (58.7)

Marital status

0.20

 Married/Living together

712 (35.7)

1390 (62.6)

 Never married/separated/divorced/widowed

50 (29.7)

107 (68.5)

Combined variable for civil status and employment status of partner

0.32

 Single mother

50 (29.7)

107 (68.5)

 Has employed partner/spouse

679 (35.6)

1339 (62.8)

 Has unemployed/partner/spouse

33 (40.4)

50 (58.7)

Membership in 4Ps

0.04

 No

614 (36.7)

1171 (61.5)

 Yes

148 (30.2)

327 (68.9)

Prenatal care provider

0.75

 Doctor/Nurse/Midwife

741 (35.4)

1457 (63.1)

 None/Traditional Birth Attendant

20 (32.3)

37 (63.7)

Mode of delivery

< 0.01

 Normal

627 (32.0)

1446 (66.7)

 Caesarean/other

132 (68.9)

49 (26.8)

Birth attendant

0.02

 Skilled

606 (37.1)

1137 (61.0)

 Traditional birth attendant/none/self/relatives/underboard midwife

149 (29.1)

348 (69.9)

Place of delivery

< 0.01

 Home-based

192 (28.5)

456 (70.6)

 Government healthcare facility

462 (36.7)

926 (61.8)

 Private healthcare facility

103 (47.9)

110 (57.9)

Sex of child

0.72

 Boy

381 (34.7)

763 (63.6)

 Girl

382 (35.8)

737 (62.7)

Month when prenatal care was first availed (n = 2274)

0.70b

 Maternal knowledge score (n = 2202)

  

< 0.01b

 Number of living older siblings (n = 2338)

  

0.01b

 Household size (n = 2343)

  

0.99b

  1. aHas missing data so frequencies are not equal to 2343 and row percentages are not equal to 100%
  2. bp-value from Wilcoxon rank-sum test