Table 2 Determinants of exclusive breastfeeding for breastfed infants under 6 months
From: Determinants of exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months in China: a cross-sectional study
0–1 months | 2–3 months | 4–5 months | Total | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EBF/BF (%) | aOR (95%CI) (n = 1667) | EBF/BF (%) | aOR (95%CI) (n = 1628) | EBF/BF (%) | aOR (95%CI) (n = 1562) | EBF/BF (%) | aOR (95%CI) (n = 4857) | |
Child health | ||||||||
Caesarean delivery a | ||||||||
No | 396/1087 (36.4) | 1.00 (reference) | 389/1001 (38.9) | 1.00 (reference) | 230/982 (23.4) | 1.00 (reference) | 1015/3070 (33.1) | 1.00 (reference) |
Yes | 190/613 (31.0)* | 0.89 (0.70, 1.12) | 215/651 (33.0)* | 0.77 (0.62, 0.97) | 121/608 (19.9) | 0.72 (0.55, 0.94) | 526/1872 (28.1)* | 0.80 (0.70, 0.92) |
Preterm b | ||||||||
No | 573/1637 (35.0) | 1.00 (reference) | 583/1582 (36.9) | 1.00 (reference) | 333/1519 (21.9) | 1.00 (reference) | 1489/4738 (31.4) | 1.00 (reference) |
Yes | 10/52 (19.2)* | 0.49 (0.24, 1.03) | 15/52 (28.8) | 0.81 (0.43, 1.52) | 16/57 (28.1) | 1.17 (0.62, 2.22) | 41/161 (25.5) | 0.78 (0.53, 1.13) |
Disease history a | ||||||||
No | 411/1026 (40.1) | 1.00 (reference) | 312/761 (41.0) | 1.00 (reference) | 146/691 (21.1) | 1.00 (reference) | 869/2478 (35.1) | 1.00 (reference) |
Yes | 172/660 (26.1)* | 0.56 (0.45, 0.71) | 290/885 (32.8)* | 0.68 (0.55, 0.84) | 200/887 (22.5) | 1.05 (0.81, 1.36) | 662/2432 (27.2)* | 0.71 (0.63, 0.81) |
Maternal sociodemographic characteristics | ||||||||
Age (years) a | ||||||||
< 25 | 113/327 (34.6) | 1.00 (reference) | 124/318 (39.0) | 1.00 (reference) | 60/315 (19.0) | 1.00 (reference) | 297/960 (30.9) | 1.00 (reference) |
25–29 | 244/675 (36.1) | 1.07 (0.79, 1.44) | 231/655 (35.3) | 0.65 (0.48, 0.88) | 127/592 (21.5) | 0.90 (0.62, 1.30) | 602/1922 (31.3) | 0.86 (0.72, 1.04) |
30–34 | 147/443 (33.2) | 0.91 (0.64, 1.27) | 156/424 (36.8) | 0.70 (0.50, 0.99) | 104/423 (24.6) | 1.09 (0.73, 1.63) | 407/1290 (31.6) | 0.87 (0.71, 1.06) |
35–39 | 76/225 (33.8) | 0.89 (0.59, 1.33) | 81/213 (38.0) | 0.70 (0.47, 1.05) | 52/207 (25.1) | 1.05 (0.66, 1.68) | 209/645 (32.4) | 0.87 (0.68, 1.11) |
40- | 6/26 (23.1) | 0.52 (0.19, 1.41) | 12/40 (30.0) | 0.49 (0.23, 1.04) | 8/51 (15.7) | 0.54 (0.23, 1.30) | 26/117 (22.2) | 0.56 (0.35, 0.91) |
Ethnic origin a | ||||||||
Han | 495/1479 (33.5) | 1.00 (reference) | 533/1411 (37.8) | 1.00 (reference) | 308/1353 (22.8) | 1.00 (reference) | 1336/4243 (31.5) | 1.00 (reference) |
Other | 90/217 (41.5)* | 1.41 (1.00, 1.98) | 73/241 (30.3)* | 0.65 (0.47, 0.92) | 43/237 (18.1) | 0.83 (0.55, 1.27) | 206/695 (29.6) | 0.93 (0.76, 1.13) |
Education level a | ||||||||
Middle school or below | 217/694 (31.3) | 1.00 (reference) | 218/697 (31.3) | 1.00 (reference) | 126/693 (18.2) | 1.00 (reference) | 561/2084 (26.9) | 1.00 (reference) |
High school | 109/326 (33.4) | 1.18 (0.87, 1.62) | 107/301 (35.5) | 1.15 (0.83, 1.58) | 56/281 (19.9) | 1.03 (0.70, 1.52) | 272/908 (30.0) | 1.15 (0.95, 1.39) |
College school or higher | 258/675 (38.2)* | 1.44 (1.03, 2.01) | 279/653 (42.7)* | 1.24 (0.89, 1.74) | 169/615 (27.5)* | 1.19 (0.81, 1.75) | 706/1943 (36.3)* | 1.32 (1.08, 1.61) |
Maternal health | ||||||||
Height (cm) b | ||||||||
First Quarter | 122/373 (32.7) | 1.00 (reference) | 150/402 (37.3) | 1.00 (reference) | 82/393 (20.9) | 1.00 (reference) | 354/1168 (30.3) | 1.00 (reference) |
Second Quarter | 194/584 (33.2) | 0.93 (0.69, 1.25) | 189/577 (32.8) | 0.77 (0.57, 1.02) | 124/570 (21.8) | 0.96 (0.68, 1.35) | 507/1731 (29.3) | 0.86 (0.73, 1.03) |
Third Quarter | 98/277 (35.4) | 1.02 (0.71, 1.46) | 91/263 (34.6) | 0.81 (0.57, 1.15) | 55/219 (25.1) | 1.21 (0.79, 1.85) | 244/759 (32.1) | 0.94 (0.76, 1.16) |
Fourth Quarter | 137/402 (34.1) | 0.93 (0.67, 1.29) | 144/357 (40.3) | 0.93 (0.67, 1.29) | 69/346 (19.9) | 0.77 (0.52, 1.15) | 350/1105 (31.7)* | 0.89 (0.73, 1.08) |
Body-mass index b | ||||||||
Normal weight (18.5–23.9 kg/m2) | 363/1019 (35.6) | 1.00 (reference) | 371/1013 (36.6) | 1.00 (reference) | 216/981 (22.0) | 1.00 (reference) | 950/3013 (31.5) | 1.00 (reference) |
Underweight (< 18.5 kg/m2) | 74/206 (35.9) | 1.06 (0.76, 1.49) | 71/211 (33.6) | 0.90 (0.64, 1.26) | 33/183 (18.0) | 0.76 (0.49, 1.18) | 178/600 (29.7) | 0.94 (0.76, 1.15) |
Overweight (24.0–27.9 kg/m2) | 74/285 (26.0) | 0.68 (0.50, 0.93) | 92/269 (34.2) | 1.06 (0.78, 1.43) | 57/249 (22.9) | 1.06 (0.74, 1.53) | 223/803 (27.8) | 0.90 (0.75, 1.08) |
Obesity (≥28.0 kg/m2) | 26/98 (26.5)* | 0.67 (0.41, 1.09) | 34/92 (37.0) | 1.17 (0.73, 1.86) | 23/104 (22.1) | 1.03 (0.61, 1.72) | 83/294 (28.2)* | 0.93 (0.70, 1.23) |
Complications during pregnancy or parturition b | ||||||||
No | 531/1511 (35.1) | 1.00 (reference) | 531/1446 (36.7) | 1.00 (reference) | 306/1396 (21.9) | 1.00 (reference) | 1368/4353 (31.4) | 1.00 (reference) |
Yes | 50/171 (29.2) | 0.74 (0.50, 1.08) | 67/186 (36.0) | 0.92 (0.65, 1.30) | 41/174 (23.6) | 0.94 (0.62, 1.40) | 158/531 (29.8) | 0.87 (0.70, 1.07) |
Setting and social support for breastfeeding | ||||||||
Support from husbands b | ||||||||
No | 27/130 (20.8) | 1.00 (reference) | 35/128 (27.3) | 1.00 (reference) | 19/116 (16.4) | 1.00 (reference) | 81/374 (21.7) | 1.00 (reference) |
Yes | 546/1544 (35.4)* | 1.40 (0.72, 2.71) | 564/1509 (37.4)* | 1.91 (1.04, 3.49) | 318/1451 (21.9) | 1.59 (0.75, 3.36) | 1428/4504 (31.7)* | 1.72 (1.18, 2.51) |
Support from grandmothers b | ||||||||
No | 15/89 (16.9) | 1.00 (reference) | 30/95 (31.6) | 1.00 (reference) | 22/98 (22.4) | 1.00 (reference) | 67/282 (23.8) | 1.00 (reference) |
Yes | 560/1592 (35.2)* | 1.22 (0.51, 2.91) | 566/1545 (36.6) | 0.75 (0.39, 1.46) | 321/1477 (21.7) | 0.65 (0.32, 1.33) | 1447/4614 (31.4)* | 0.77 (0.51, 1.17) |
Support from the best friends b | ||||||||
No | 23/129 (17.8) | 1.00 (reference) | 42/133 (31.6) | 1.00 (reference) | 21/139 (15.1) | 1.00 (reference) | 86/401 (21.4) | 1.00 (reference) |
Yes | 539/1498 (36.0)* | 2.40 (1.28, 4.50) | 532/1422 (37.4) | 1.33 (0.82, 2.16) | 307/1380 (22.2) | 1.51 (0.80, 2.82) | 1378/4300 (32.0)* | 1.64 (1.19, 2.26) |
Provision of breastfeeding education by hospitals | ||||||||
No | 127/384 (33.1) | 1.00 (reference) | 115/376 (30.6) | 1.00 (reference) | 50/342 (14.6) | 1.00 (reference) | 292/1102 (26.5) | 1.00 (reference) |
Yes | 460/1317 (34.9) | 0.98 (0.74, 1.30) | 491/1279 (38.4)* | 1.21 (0.92, 1.61) | 301/1251 (24.1)* | 1.43 (0.99, 2.06) | 1252/3847 (32.5)* | 1.14 (0.96, 1.35) |
Employment and paid maternity leave (PML) a | ||||||||
Unemployment | 194/595 (32.6) | 1.00 (reference) | 186/562 (33.1) | 1.00 (reference) | 118/567 (20.8) | 1.00 (reference) | 498/1724 (28.9) | 1.00 (reference) |
Informal employment | 197/560 (35.2) | 0.99 (0.76, 1.29) | 189/568 (33.3) | 1.13 (0.86, 1.49) | 92/534 (17.2) | 0.88 (0.63, 1.22) | 478/1662 (28.8) | 1.00 (0.85, 1.18) |
Formal employment | ||||||||
without PML | 29/83 (34.9) | 0.92 (0.53, 1.57) | 30/78 (38.5) | 1.38 (0.82, 2.31) | 13/78 (16.7) | 0.88 (0.44, 1.76) | 72/239 (30.1) | 1.03 (0.75, 1.42) |
with 0–2 months of PML | 5/28 (17.9) | 0.42 (0.14, 1.19) | 20/34 (58.8) | 3.09 (1.43, 6.69) | 4/20 (20.0) | 0.95 (0.30, 3.03) | 29/82 (35.4) | 1.24 (0.75, 2.04) |
with 3–5 months of PML | 154/411 (37.5) | 1.00 (0.70, 1.43) | 166/390 (42.6) | 1.33 (0.93, 1.90) | 108/366 (29.5) | 1.68 (1.12, 2.53) | 428/1167 (36.7) | 1.22 (0.99, 1.51) |
with ≥6 months of PML | 8/24 (33.3) | 1.02 (0.38, 2.76) | 14/22 (63.6)* | 3.27 (1.27, 8.37) | 16/27 (59.3)* | 6.74 (2.81, 16.16) | 38/73 (52.1)* | 2.77 (1.65, 4.65) |
Social support a | ||||||||
No | 473/1437 (32.9) | 1.00 (reference) | 506/1422 (35.6) | 1.00 (reference) | 297/1358 (21.9) | 1.00 (reference) | 1276/4217 (30.3) | 1.00 (reference) |
Yes | 109/257 (42.4)* | 1.64 (1.22, 2.21) | 98/228 (43.0)* | 1.63 (1.19, 2.24) | 54/232 (23.3) | 1.18 (0.81, 1.71) | 261/717 (36.4)* | 1.49 (1.24, 1.78) |