Table 1 Characteristics of primiparous women (N = 1089) and their offspring by the presence of gestational diabetes mellitus
|  | Women without GDM (n = 934) | Women with GDM (n = 155) | P - value |
|---|---|---|---|
Maternal characteristics | |||
 Age (years), mean (SD) | 28.7 (4.8) | 30.1 (4.8) | <  0.001 |
 Married, n (%) | 469 (50) | 81 (52) | 0.64 |
 Smokers |  |  | 0.38 |
  Non-smokers, n (%) | 803 (86) | 128 (83) |  |
  Quitted during the first trimester, n (%) | 69 (7) | 12 (8) |  |
  Smokers over pregnancy, n (%) | 62 (7) | 15 (10) |  |
 Education years, mean (SD) | 13.8 (2.5) | 13.8 (2.5) | 0.93 |
 Annual maternal income (€), mean (SD) | 26,280 (13,160) | 27,064 (13,768) | 0.50 |
 Pre-pregnancy body mass index (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 23.3 (3.7) | 26.9 (5.4) | <  0.001 |
 Pregnancies without fertility treatments, n (%) | 842 (90) | 141 (91) | 0.75 |
 Duration of pregnancy (weeks), mean (SD) | 40.1 (1.5) | 39.6 (2.1) | <  0.001 |
 Vaginal deliveries, n (%) | 749 (80) | 120 (77) | 0.43 |
 Chronic diseases | |||
  Lung diseases, n (%) | 21 (2) | 6 (4) | 0.23 |
  Rheumatoid diseases, n (%) | 9 (1) | 0 (0) | 0.37 |
  Mental diseases, n (%) | 7 (1) | 1 (1) | 0.98 |
  Thyroid diseases, n (%) | 2 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.99 |
Infant characteristics | |||
 Sex (boy), n (%) | 471 (50) | 88 (57) | 0.14 |
 Birthweight (grams), mean (SD) | |||
 Girls | 3374 (467) | 3403 (651) | 0.65 |
 Boys | 3533 (478) | 3516 (555) | 0.76 |
  Apgar score at one minute, mean (SD) | 8.5 (1.3) | 8.5 (1.4) | 0.93 |
  Admission to neonatal intensive care unit, n (%) | 76 (8) | 15 (10) | 0.52 |
  Need for respirator treatment, n (%) | 17 (2) | 2 (1) | 0.98 |