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Table 3 Factors associated with low breastfeeding self-efficacy amongst mothers of children under six months old, The BADUTA Study in East Java, Indonesia, 2015–2016

From: Determinants of low breastfeeding self-efficacy amongst mothers of children aged less than six months: results from the BADUTA study in East Java, Indonesia

Variable

Univariate

Multivariatea

aOR

95% CI

p

aOR

95% CI

p

Contextual and intervention characteristics

 Exposure to intervention

  Exposed to interventionb

1.00

       

  Not exposed to interventionc

1.44

1.13

1.83

0.003

    

 Number of breastfeeding interventions mothers exposed to

  Three or more interventions

1.00

   

1.00

   

  Two interventions

1.53

0.83,

2.81

0.175

1.47

0.74,

2.89

0.269

  One intervention

2.07

1.16,

3.69

0.014

1.81

0.98,

3.35

0.059

  No interventions

2.42

1.41,

4.15

0.001

1.87

1.09,

3.22

0.024

 Period

  Baseline

1.00

   

1.00

   

  Endline

0.73

0.55,

0.97

0.032

0.89

0.61,

1.28

0.517

Household characteristics

 Household wealth index

  Poorest

1.00

       

  Poor

0.99

0.70,

1.39

0.948

    

  Middle

1.23

0.86,

1.75

0.257

    

  Rich

1.35

0.93,

1.95

0.118

    

  Richest

0.83

0.52,

1.32

0.426

    

Mother’s characteristics

 Maternal age

  ≤ 19 years

1.00

       

  20–34 years

0.70

0.41,

1.17

0.172

    

  35+ years

0.67

0.40,

1.14

0.138

    

 Maternal education

  University/Academy

1.00

   

1.00

   

  Completed senior high school

1.69

1.19,

2.39

0.003

1.94

1.29,

2.91

0.002

  Completed junior high school

1.94

1.31,

2.86

0.001

2.27

1.42,

3.63

0.001

  No school/incomplete primary/completed primary school

1.73

1.12,

2.67

0.014

1.88

1.16,

3.05

0.011

 Maternal occupation

  Housework

1.00

   

1.00

   

  Working outside the house

1.38

1.06,

1.81

0.018

1.69

1.23,

2.32

0.001

 Number of children still alive

  1

1.00

       

  2

0.99

0.77,

1.26

0.904

    

  3

1.02

0.69,

1.52

0.920

    

  4+

1.07

0.55,

2.07

0.847

    

 Previous live birth

  None

1.00

       

  Any

1.01

0.82,

1.26

0.906

    

Antenatal and delivery care

 Minimum antenatal care visitsd

  Completed (4+ visits)

1.00

   

1.00

   

  Incomplete (< 4 visits)

1.28

0.98,

1.68

0.073

1.23

0.92,

1.65

0.166

 Mode of delivery

  Normal

1.00

   

1.00

   

  Caesarean

1.19

0.96,

1.47

0.108

1.34

1.05,

1.70

0.017

 Birth attendant

  General practitioner/OBGYN

1.00

       

  Midwife/nurse

0.95

0.78,

1.165

0.631

    

  Traditional birth attendant/family/friend

1.29

0.54,

3.082

0.572

    

Child’s characteristics

 Sex of the child

  Male

1.00

       

  Female

1.03

0.82,

1.30

0.791

    

 Birthweight from monitoring card

  Larger than average

1.00

       

  Average

0.72

0.51,

1.00

0.053

    

  Smaller than average

0.72

0.44,

1.17

0.183

    

Breastfeeding knowledge & experience

 Ever received any breastfeeding advice

  Yes

1.00

   

1.00

   

  No

1.40

1.09,

1.78

0.007

1.40

1.08,

1.82

0.013

 Knowledge about breastfeeding

  High levele

1.00

   

1.00

   

  Low levelf

1.58

1.19,

2.10

0.002

1.38

1.03,

1.84

0.029

 Problems with breastfeeding

  None

1.00

   

1.00

   

  Not related to illness

3.14

2.34,

4.23

< 0.001

3.27

2.45,

4.36

< 0.001

  Related to illness/anatomical condition

1.28

0.91,

1.80

0.158

1.36

0.95,

1.93

0.089

  Both types of problems

3.18

1.29,

7.81

0.012

3.57

1.37,

9.33

0.010

  1. Note:aMultivariate logistic regression using the backward elimination method to select significant predictors of low breastfeeding self-efficacy. The variable for the minimum requirement of four antenatal care visits by trimester was selected a priori to be retained in the final model regardless of its significance level. bExposed to intervention refers to respondents living in the intervention sub-districts at the endline survey cNot exposed to intervention referred to all respondents from the baseline survey and those living in the control sub-districts at the endline survey. dMinimum antenatal care refers to the recommendation of at least four antenatal visits, i.e., once in trimester one to three, and twice in trimester three. eHigh level of knowledge was mothers whose total knowledge score was greater than, or equal to the median knowledge score value. fLow level of knowledge was mothers whose total knowledge score was less than the median knowledge score value
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