Table 6 Summary effect of nutritional vitamins supplements on status of vitamin K human milk composition

Bolisetty [63]

2.5 mg phylloquinone (vitamin K1) orally daily for 2 weeks

Six healthy lactating mothers who gave birth to preterm infants at a median post conceptional age of 29.5 (range 26–30) weeks.

Randomized clinical trial

To raise the vitamin K content in the breast milk to levels recommended for infant formulae by RDA and to look at day-to-day variation in the breast milk vitamin K levels with maternal supplementation of vitamin K.

phylloquinone vitamin K1

Phylloquinone levels in the breastmilk increased from a baseline of 3 ± 2.3 ng ml^− 1 to 22.6 ± 16.3 ng ml^− 1 (mean ± SD) after the first dose (p < 0.05); a gradual increase was noted until phylloquinone levels reached a plateau of 64.2 ± 31.4 ng ml^− 1 after the sixth daily dose.

2/5

WPRO (Western Pacific Regional Office)

Greer [65]

Ten mothers received 2.5 mg/d oral phylloquinone, and 10 mothers received 5.0 mg/d oral phylloquinone.

Twenty exclusive breastfeeding mothers.

longitudinal, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled

To increase the phylloquinone

(Vitamin K1) concentration of human milk with maternal oral phylloquinone supplements.

Phylloquinone

Both 2.5 and 5.0 mg/d phylloquinone significantly increased the phylloquinone content of human milk at both 2 and 6 weeks. As expected, 5.0 mg had a greater effect.

3/5

Americas (AMRO)

Kries [66]

Vitamin K1

Nine mothers (age of the mothers ranged between 17 and 34 yr, mean 24 yr)

Randomized clinical trial

To assess the effect of Vitamin KI Supplements on maternal milk.

Vitamin K1

To test the influence of diet, mothers were given oral supplements of vitamin K I. Doses of 0.5–3 mg produced substantial rises in breast milk vitamin K I with peak levels between 12 and 24 h. In one mother in whom the milk sampling was standardized, a dose-response relationship was observed.

1/5

Europe (EURO)