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Table 2 Comparison of macronutrients, IgA, and TAC in human milk by breastfeeding duration

From: Macronutrient, immunoglobulin a and total antioxidant capacity profiles of human milk from 1 to 24 months: a cross-sectional study in Thailand

Breastfeeding

Duration

1–6 months (n = 43) a

6–12 months (n = 47) b

12–18 months (n = 50) c

18–24 months (n = 44) d

Mean rank or

Mean diff. (SE)

p-value

Mean ± SD

Median,

P25th–75th

Mean ± SD

Median,

P25th–75th

Mean ± SD

Median,

P25th–75th

Mean ± SD

Median,

P25th–75th

Protein (g/dL)

2.56 ± 0.62

2.53,

2.21–2.92

2.39 ± 0.52

2.23,

2.05–2.69

2.40 ± 0.75

2.36,

1.87–2.61

2.84 ± 0.90

2.66,

2.29–3.13

50.49, 40.94 ab

52.22, 42.51 ac

40.23, 47.68 ad

50.09, 47.98 bc

37.34, 55.25 bd

38.87, 57.31 cd

< 0.001 1

0.08 2

0.08 2

0.17 2

0.71 2

0.001 2

< 0.0012

Fat (g/dL)

3.67 ± 1.30

3.79,

2.92–4.33

3.96 ± 1.36

3.53,

3.17–4.83

3.90 ± 1.32

3.85,

3.17–4.68

4.64 ± 1.61

4.61,

3.8–5.13

41.26, 49.38 ab

42.78, 50.63 ac

34.69, 53.10 ad

49.20, 48.81 bc

40.88, 51.47 bd

41.67, 54.13 cd

< 0.0011

0.14 2

0.16 2

< 0.001 2

0.94 2

0.06 2

0.03 2

Energy (kcal/dL)

84.86 ± 12.93

86.09,

77.42–91.55

87.77 ± 13.61

83.54,

79.94–96.55

87.91 ± 13.23

86.70,

79.94–95.01

94.64 ± 16.13

94.28,

86.24–99.48

41.26, 49.38 ab

42.77, 50.64 ac

34.67, 53.11 ad

49.20, 48.81 bc

40.88, 51.47 bd

41.67, 54.13 cd

< 0.0011

0.14 2

0.16 2

0.001 2

0.94 2

0.06 2

0.03 2

Carbohydrate (g/dL)

9.62 ± 1.04

9.43,

8.97–10.12

9.34 ± 0.59

9.27,

8.97–9.71

9.31 ± 0.84

9.35,

8.95–9.74

9.39 ± 0.81

9.41,

8.96–9.73

48.90, 42.39 ab

49.73, 44.65 ac

46.53, 41.52 ad

48.12, 49.83 bc

44.83, 47.25 bd

47.48, 47.52 cd

0.65 1

0.24 2

0.36 2

0.35 2

0.76 2

0.66 2

0.99 2

IgA (mg/dL)

110.82 ± 14.06

111.48,

103–117.63

129.59 ± 16.67

130.33,

115.03–140.5

124.29 ± 10.80

125.07,

116.35–131.37

127.16 ± 14.59

126.06,

115.73–139.57

− 18.77 (3.18) ab

− 13.47 (3.14) ac

− 16.34 (3.23) ad

5.31 (3.06) bc

2.43 (3.16) bd

− 2.87 (3.12) cd

< 0.0013

< 0.001 4

< 0.001 4

< 0.0014

0.08 4

0.44 4

0.36 4

TAC

1.61 ± 0.94

1.62,

1.2–2.04

1.61 ± 0.67

1.64,

1.89–2.05

1.84 ± 0.85

1.84,

1.38–2.38

1.60 ± 0.97

1.27,

0.69–2.09

0.03 (0.18) ab

− 0.23 (0.18) ac

0.21 (0.18) ad

− 0.23 (0.18) bc

0.18 (0.18) bd

0.44 (0.18) cd

0.09 3

0.85 4

0.19 4

0.25 4

0.19 4

0.33 4

0.01 4

  1. 1 Kruskal-Wallis test, 2 Mann-Whitney U test, 3 one-way ANOVA post hoc test, and 4 independent-sample T test were used for statistical calculations
  2. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) unit is mM, Trolox equivalent; SD standard deviation; P percentile; Mean diff. mean difference; SE standard error
  3. aHM of the mother who lactation duration between 1-6 months
  4. bHM of the mother who lactation duration between 6-12 months
  5. cHM of the mother who lactation duration between 12-18 months
  6. dHM of the mother who lactation duration between 18-24 months