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Table 1 Sample characteristics

From: Macronutrient, immunoglobulin a and total antioxidant capacity profiles of human milk from 1 to 24 months: a cross-sectional study in Thailand

 

Breastfeeding

1–6 months

(n = 43)

Breastfeeding 6–12 months

(n = 47)

Breastfeeding 12–18 months

(n = 50)

Breastfeeding 18–24 months (n = 44)

p-value

Maternal age, years (mean ± SD; median, P25th–75th) 1

32.6 ± 3.6,

32, 29–35

30.9 ± 4.6,

31, 28–35

32.2 ± 4.8,

32, 33–36

32.0 ± 4.5,

32, 29–37

0.28

Maternal BMI, kg/m2 (mean ± SD; median, P25th–75th) 2

23.2 ± 4.5,

22.5, 19.7–24.8

22.6 ± 4.8,

21.3, 19–25.1

22.3 ± 4.1,

21.6, 20.2–23.8

22.3 ± 3.3,

21.7, 19.8–25.1

0.78

Educational level (n, %)3

 Primary school

9 (20.9)

7 (14.9)

16 (32.0)

12 (27.3)

0.13

 Secondary school/certificate

0 (0)

3 (6.4)

4 (8.0)

4 (9.1)

 

 Graduate degree

34 (79.1)

37 (78.7)

30 (60.0)

28 (63.6)

 

First ANC visit, months (mean ± SD; median, P25th–75th) 2

2.0 ± 1.3,

2, 1–2

2.3 ± 1.6,

2, 1–3

2.3 ± 1.3,

2, 1–3

2.1 ± 1.2,

2, 1–3

0.78

Gestational age, days (mean ± SD; median, P25th–75th) 2

270.6 ± 6.4,

272, 266–273

271.3 ± 8.1,

272, 266–278

271.5 ± 6.4,

273, 266–275

272.3 ± 8.3,

273, 266–280

0.84

Birth order 3 (n, %)

 First born

27 (62.8)

31 (66.0)

33 (66.0)

25 (56.8)

0.71

 Second born

15 (34.9)

15 (31.9)

13 (26.0)

16 (36.4)

 

 Third-fifth born

1 (2.3)

1 (2.1)

4 (8.0)

3 (6.8)

 

Parental status, couple (n, %) 3

42 (97.7)

47 (100)

48 (96.0)

44 (100)

0.46

Breastfeeding frequency, times per day (mean ± SD; median, P25th–75th) 2

6.4 ± 5.6,

6, 1–10

6.0 ± 4.8,

5, 2–9

5.7 ± 3.8,

6, 3–8

6.1 ± 3.9,

5, 3.2–8

0.98

  1. 1One-way ANOVA, 2 Kruskal-Wallis test, and 3 Fisher’s exact test were used for statistical calculations, and a p-value less than 0.05 was regarded as significant
  2. BMI body mass index, ANC antenatal care, SD standard deviation, P percentile
  3. All participants were Thai