Healthcare unit | Maternal age | Type of birth | Place of residence | Total | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hospital data and infant feeding practices | Public (n = 476) | Private (n = 67) | P value | Adolescents (n = 123) | Adults (n = 420) | P value | Vaginal (n = 283) | Cesarean (n = 260) | P value | Urban (n = 347) | Rural (n = 196) | P value | |
Birthweight (kg) (mean ± SD) | 3.17 ± 0.38 | 3.13 ± 0.32 | 0.43 | 3.10 ± 0.36 | 3.18 ± 0.38 | 0.04 | 3.14 ± 0.38 | 3.19 ± 0.37 | 0.12 | 3.17 ± 0.39 | 3.15 ± 0.39 | 0.69 | 3.16 ± 0.39 |
Gestational age (38–40 wks) | 89.08 | 92.54 | 0.63 | 91.87 | 88.81 | 0.33 | 90.11 | 88.85 | 0.89 | 88.18 | 91.84 | 0.33 | 89.50 |
Knowledge of breastfeeding support groups (yes) | 14.95 | 14.93 | 0.99 | 8.13 | 16.95 | 0.01 | 16.25 | 13.51 | 0.37 | 17.34 | 10.71 | 0.03 | 14.94 |
Attended breastfeeding support group (yes) | 63.38 | 80.00 | 0.30 | 60.00 | 66.20 | 0.70 | 60.87 | 71.43 | 0.32 | 65.00 | 66.67 | 0.89 | 65.43 |
Health personnel advising on breastfeeding | |||||||||||||
Doctor | 42.62 | 50.00 | 0.23 | 63.64 | 39.29 | 0.31 | 50.00 | 35.48 | 0.48 | 47.62 | 36.00 | 0.06 | 43.28 |
Nurse | 39.34 | 16.67 | 36.36 | 37.50 | 27.78 | 48.39 | 26.19 | 56.00 | 37.31 | ||||
Health promoter or assistant | 6.56 | 0 | 0 | 7.14 | 8.33 | 3.23 | 7.14 | 4.00 | 5.97 | ||||
Other (nutritionist, social worker, midwife, psychologist or a combination of them) | 9.84 | 16.67 | 0 | 12.50 | 11.11 | 9.68 | 16.67 | 0 | 10.45 | ||||
Doesn’t know | 1.64 | 16.67 | 0 | 3.57 | 2.78 | 3.23 | 2.38 | 4.00 | 2.99 | ||||
Timely initiation of breastfeeding (< 60 min) | 52.21 | 29.85 | 0.004 | 58.54 | 46.78 | 0.05 | 62.19 | 35.52 | 0.0001 | 41.91 | 62.76 | 0.0001 | 49.45 |
Rooming-in (Yes) | 96.21 | 97.01 | 0.74 | 93.50 | 97.14 | 0.06 | 96.11 | 96.53 | 0.79 | 97.98 | 93.37 | 0.006 | 96.31 |
Baby was given formula in the hospital (Yes) | 33.89 | 40.30 | 0.30 | 30.08 | 36.04 | 0.22 | 28.27 | 41.70 | 0.001 | 45.95 | 14.80 | 0.0001 | 34.69 |
Mother had breastfed her baby at least once at the time of discharge from the hospital (Yes) | 96.08 | 84.75 | 0.0001 | 93.81 | 95.00 | 0.61 | 95.75 | 93.59 | 0.28 | 93.35 | 97.18 | 0.06 | 94.73 |
Breastfeeding since mother left the hospital, to one-month postpartum (Yes) | 99.08 | 96.61 | 0.10 | 100.00 | 98.42 | 0.17 | 98.46 | 99.15 | 0.48 | 98.10 | 100.00 | 0.06 | 98.78 |
EBF at one month postpartum | 48.03 | 21.05 | < 0.01 | 24.78 | 50.93 | < 0.01 | 46.48 | 43.10 | 0.45 | 36.98 | 58.76 | 0.0001 | 44.88 |
(n = 166) | (n = 36) | (n = 57) | (n = 145) | (n = 91) | (n = 109) | (n = 151) | (n = 51) | (n = 201) | |||||
Infant formula feeding at one month postpartum | 44.35 | 74.47 | 0.0001 | 66.67 | 42.99 | 0.0001 | 43.33 | 52.15 | 0.07 | 56.60 | 32.47 | 0.0001 | 47.73 |
Information on breastfeeding during pregnancy (Scale: 0–10) | 6.18 ± 3.30 | 5.00 ± 3.39 | 0.006 | 5.02 ± 3.17 | 6.33 ± 3.32 | 0.0001 | 6.08 ± 3.24 | 5.98 ± 3.43 | 0.74 | 6.06 ± 3.26 | 5.99 ± 3.45 | 0.82 | 6.03 ± 3.33 |
Techniques for breastfeeding initiation | 55.30 | 42.30 | 0.06 | 46.34 | 57.04 | 0.03 | 52.90 | 54.40 | 0.74 | 56.07 | 52.04 | 0.36 | 54.61 |
Techniques for breastfeeding maintenance | 43.50 | 22.00 | 0.002 | 25.20 | 44.87 | 0.0001 | 42.40 | 39.30 | 0.47 | 40.46 | 40.31 | 0.97 | 40.41 |
Support to maintain breastfeeding at one month postpartum | |||||||||||||
Health providers | 17.92 | 21.74 | 0.66 | 16.67 | 18.92 | 0.05 | 16.13 | 20.39 | 0.27 | 9.80 | 21.38 | 0.38 | 18.37 |
Partner or spouse | 11.56 | 4.35 | 0 | 14.19 | 10.75 | 10.68 | 13.73 | 9.66 | 10.71 | ||||
Mothers /mothers in law of participants | 48.55 | 43.48 | 58.33 | 44.59 | 54.84 | 41.75 | 50.98 | 46.90 | 47.96 | ||||
Family/friends | 20.81 | 30.43 | 25.00 | 20.95 | 18.28 | 25.24 | 23.53 | 21.38 | 21.94 | ||||
Otherb | 1.16 | 0 | 0 | 1.35 | 0 | 1.94 | 1.96 | 0.69 | 1.02 |