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Table 2 Participant characteristics overall and by HIV status among 1693c women with early postnatal interviews

From: Infant feeding knowledge and practice vary by maternal HIV status: a nested cohort study in rural South Africa

Characteristic

Overall

Women not living with HIV

Women living with HIV

p-value*

Number

1680

895

785

 

Age, years (IQR)

25 (21–30)

23 (20–27)

28 (23–32)

<  0.001

Education, n (%)a

0.003

 Less than high school

730 (43.6)

355 (39.9)

375 (47.8)

 

 High school or above

945 (56.1)

539 (60.0)

406 (51.7)

 

 Missing

5 (0.3)

1 (0.1)

4 (0.5)

 

Employment, n (%)a

0.001

 Employed/ other

221 (13.1)

88 (9.8)

133 (16.9)

 

 Unemployed

1453 (86.5)

803 (89.8)

650 (82.9)

 

 Missing

6 (0.4)

4 (0.4)

2 (0.3)

 

Household assets‡, n (%)a

0.003

  ≥ 15 assets

551 (32.9)

321 (36.1)

230 (29.3)

 

  < 15 assets

1129 (67.1)

574 (63.9)

555 (70.7)

 

Household income, n (%)

<  0.001

 Family income ≥ R2000

714 (42.5)

380 (42.5)

334 (42.5)

 

 Family income < R2000

620 (36.9)

292 (32.5)

328 (41.8)

 

 Missing

346 (20.6)

223 (25.0)

123 (15.7)

 

Relationship status, n (%)a

0.559

 Married/ living with partner/ other

278 (16.6)

136 (15.2)

142 (18.2)

 

 Not married and not living with partner

1397 (83.2)

757 (84.6)

640 (81.6)

 

 Missing

5 (0.2)

2 (0.2)

3 (0.3)

 

Number of children, n (%)a

<  0.001

 More than 1 child

1061 (63.1)

444 (49.5)

617 (78.6)

 

 One child

615 (36.6)

449 (50.3)

166 (21.1)

 

 Missing

4 (0.2)

2 (0.2)

2 (0.3)

 

Drinking water sourceb, n (%)a

0.325

 Piped water in or on property

617 (36.7)

327 (36.7)

290 (36.8)

 

 Communal water pipe, bore hole, tank

883 (52.5)

463 (51.6)

420 (53.6)

 

 Other (stream/ dam/ purchase)

180 (10.7)

105 (11.7)

75 (9.6)

 

Time travelled to clinic during pregnancyb, n (%)a

0.006

  < 15 min

209 (12.4)

127 (14.1)

82 (10.5)

 

 15–30 min

750 (44.6)

388 (43.4)

362 (46.0)

 

 31–60 min

479 (28.5)

256 (28.6)

223 (28.5)

 

  > 60 min

222 (13.2)

111 (12.5)

111 (14.1)

 

 Missing

20 (1.2)

13 (1.5)

7 (0.9)

 

Exposure to CQI during pregnancy, n (%)a

0.002

 Unexposed

975 (58.3)

536 (60.3)

439 (56.1)

 

 Exposed

705 (41.7)

359 (39.7)

346 (43.9)

 
  1. CQI continuous quality improvement, IQR interquartile range
  2. *Pearson’s Chi square test for difference between women living with HIV vs women not living with HIV
  3. aAll proportions are adjusted for clustering by first attended antenatal clinic
  4. bDrinking water source and time travelled to clinic were excluded from final adjusted regression models by a backwards stepwise regression process to achieve model parsimony. A significance level of 0.05 was used during the process of comparing model fit
  5. cHIV status missing in n = 13 early postnatal interviews
  6. ‡ Household assets were a checklist of household items (types of furniture, appliances, livestock etc) as indicators of household wealth in the AHRI population surveillance area. For the present analysis, ‘wealthy’ households were classified as those having at least 15 assets and poor households were those with < 15 assets. Household assets were included in adjusted models as a proxy for household income given the degree of missingness in the income variable
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International Breastfeeding Journal

ISSN: 1746-4358