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Table 4 Adjusted and unadjusted odd ratios (95% confidence interval [CI]) for factors associated with prelacteal feeding in Pakistan, (PDHS, 2012–2013)

From: Prelacteal feeding practices in Pakistan: a mixed-methods study

 

Likelihood of prelacteal feeding

Variables

ORa

P - value

95% CI

AOR

P - value

95% CI

Education of mother

 No education

1.53

0.013

1.09, 2.15

1.28

0.369

0.78, 1.91

 Primary

2.65

<  0.001

1.71, 4.09

2.28

0.002

1.35, 3.85

 Middle

1.93

0.010

1.93, 1.17

1.88

0.041

1.02, 3.47

 Secondary

1.69

0.021

1.08, 2.64

1.80

0.034

1.04, 3.09

 Higher

1

  

1

  

Wealth index

 Poorest

0.80

0.223

0.57, 1.13

   

 Poorer

0.97

0.856

0.68, 1.36

   

 Middle

1.41

0.058

0.98, 2.01

   

 Rich

1.80

0.002

1.24, 2.60

   

 Richest

1

     

Sex of household

 Male

0.62

0.50

0.38, 0.99

   

 Female

1

     

Region

 Punjab

54.07

<  0.001

28.8, 101.3

24.92

<  0.001

12.6, 49.1

 Sindh

10.84

<  0.001

5.95, 19.74

7.03

<  0.001

3.65, 13.5

 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

22.70

<  0.001

12.31, 42.0

16.21

<  0.001

8.30, 31.6

 Baluchistan

13.78

<  0.001

7.39, 25.68

12.20

<  0.001

6.14, 24.3

 Islamabad

10.86

<  0.001

5.23, 52.55

9.60

<  0.001

4.31, 21.4

 Gilgit-Baltistan

1

  

1

  

Antenatal care

 None

0.83

0.040

0.62, 1.10

   

 1–3 visits

1.20

0.250

0.93, 1.56

   

  ≥ 4 visits

1

     

Place of delivery

 At home

0.93

0.604

0.72, 1.20

0.997

0.89

0.69, 1.37

 Public health facility

0.49

<  0.001

0.36, 0.66

0.462

0.02

0.43, 0.95

 Private health facility

1

     

Birth by Cesarean section

 No

0.62

0.007

0.43, 0.87

   

 Yes

1

     

When child put to breast

 Within one hour

0.02

<  0.001

0.14, 0.44

0.03

<  0.001

0.01, 0.61

 2–24 h

0.05

<  0.001

0.32, 0.98

0.07

<  0.001

0.43, 0.95

 After one day

1

  

1

  

Birth order

 First born child

1.40

0.013

1.07, 1.84

   

 Subsequent child

1

     
  1. aBinary logistic regression
  2. Education of mothers, region, place of delivery, and when child put to breast