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Table 1 Characteristics of the study sample and prevalence of early feeding practices

From: Early feeding practices and associated factors in Sudan: a cross-sectional analysis from multiple Indicator cluster survey

 

n (%)

Early breastfeeding**

Avoiding prelacteal feeding***

Optimal early feeding

Overall

5622 (100.0)

68.7 (66.7,70.7)

71.7 (69.6,73.8)

51.0 (48.9,53.1)

 Community-level variables

Area of residence

   Urban

1488 (26.5)

71.0 (67.6,74.2)

69.9 (66.5,73.1)

50.3 (46.8,53.7)

   Rural

4134 (73.5)

67.9 (65.4,70.3)

72.4 (69.6,75.0)

51.3 (48.6,53.9)

Region of residence

   Khartoum

684 (12.2)

73.7 (68.2,78.5)

64.1 (58.5,69.4)

47.9 (41.7,54.1)

   Northern

244 (4.3)

59.9 (54.4,65.2)

56.2 (49.7,62.5)

33.4 (28.1,39.3)

   Eastern

598 (10.6)

83.2 (79.1,86.7)

77.7 (73.9,81.1)

65.2 (60.6,69.4)

   Central

1638 (29.1)

69.9 (65.8,73.7)

65.8 (60.7,70.5)

47.4 (43.0,52.0)

   Kordofan

888 (15.8)

64.5 (58.3,70.3)

73.4 (68.6,77.7)

51.0 (45.5,56.5)

   Darfur

1570 (27.9)

63.5 (60.1,66.9)

80.5 (76.9,83.6)

53.4 (50.1,56.7)

 Household-level variables

Wealth index quintile

   Poorest

1251 (22.2)

62.1 (57.3,66.7)

76.1 (71.6,80.0)

51.3 (46.7,55.8)

   Second

1232 (21.9)

69.8 (66.5,73.0)

77.7 (74.6,80.6)

55.9 (52.5,59.3)

   Middle

1192 (21.2)

73.1 (69.5,76.5)

69.6 (65.9,73.2)

52.6 (48.7,56.5)

   Fourth

1096 (19.5)

68.2 (64.3,71.9)

65.7 (59.8,71.1)

45.4 (40.1,50.8)

   Richest

851 (15.1)

71.3 (66.5,75.6)

67.5 (62.3,72.2)

48.4 (43.5,53.3)

 Parental variables

Maternal age in years

   15–24

1515 (26.9)

66.3 (63.2,69.2)

69.4 (65.7,72.9)

47.1 (43.4,50.9)

   25–34

2802 (49.8)

70.5 (67.8,73.0)

72.7 (70.2,75.0)

52.8 (50.2,55.4)

   35+

1305 (23.2)

67.8 (64.5,70.9)

72.4 (68.4,76.1)

51.7 (48.0,55.3)

Maternal age at marriage in years

    < 15

918 (16.3)

64.7 (60.4,68.8)

68.9 (64.2,73.3)

46.3 (42.0,50.6)

   15–24

4189 (74.5)

69.4 (67.0,71.7)

72.3 (69.9,74.6)

52 (49.5,54.4)

   25+

514 (9.2)

70.0 (64.3,75.1)

72.1 (65.9,77.6)

51.8 (46.2,57.3)

Mother’s education

   None

2247 (40.0)

68.0 (65.0,70.8)

72.3 (69.4,75.1)

51.2 (48.3,54.1)

   Primary

2022 (36.0)

67.5 (63.7,71.0)

70.6 (66.7,74.2)

49.7 (46.1,53.4)

   Secondary

942 (16.8)

73.1 (69.1,76.8)

74.6 (70.5,78.4)

54.7 (50.3,59.0)

   Higher

410 (7.3)

68.8 (61.4,75.3)

67.5 (59.9,74.2)

47.3 (40.3,54.5)

Father’s education

   None

1880 (33.9)

68.2 (64.9,71.3)

71.7 (68.4,74.8)

51.2 (47.7,54.7)

   Primary

1642 (29.6)

69.8 (66.4,73.0)

71.3 (67.3,75.0)

52.4 (48.6,56.2)

   Secondary

968 (17.5)

72.9 (69.1,76.4)

71.3 (67.6,74.7)

53.8 (49.4,58.2)

   Higher

320 (5.8)

75.8 (69.8,80.9)

68.2 (61.0,74.7)

53.7 (46.9,60.3)

   Father not in household

692 (12.5)

63.0 (57.7,68.0)

72.7 (67.6,77.3)

44.7 (39.8,49.7)

   Missing/dk

38 (0.7)

   

Planned pregnancy

   No

1087 (19.3)

67.3 (62.6,71.7)

64.6 (60.3,68.6)

46.2 (42.3,50.1)

   Yes

4491 (79.9)

69.6 (67.4,71.7)

73.2 (70.7,75.6)

52.6 (50.1,55.0)

   Missing

44 (0.8)

   

Number of antenatal care visits

   0

1080 (19.2)

67.3 (62.3,71.8)

73.1 (68.1,77.6)

53.3 (48.7,57.8)

   1–3

1596 (28.4)

71.0 (67.6,74.1)

71.4 (68.5,74.2)

51.4 (47.9,54.9)

   4+

2852 (50.7)

68.7 (66.2,71.0)

70.9 (67.8,73.8)

50.3 (47.5,53.1)

   Missing

94 (1.7)

   

Place of birth

   Home

4006 (71.3)

71.5 (69.1,73.8)

73.7 (71.5,75.7)

54.8 (52.5,57.1)

   Health facility

1559 (27.7)

63.5 (60.2,66.6)

65.8 (61.6,69.7)

42.5 (38.9,46.1)

   Missing

57 (1.0)

   

Birth assisted by skilled attendant

   No

1252 (22.3)

63.6 (59.4,67.5)

72.3 (68.1,76.1)

48.3 (44.3,52.3)

   Yes

4370 (77.7)

70.2 (68.0,72.3)

71.6 (69.1,73.9)

51.8 (49.3,54.2)

Birth by caesarean section

   No

5110 (90.9)

71.3 (69.2,73.2)

73.1 (70.9,75.1)

53.4 (51.2,55.6)

   Yes

511 (9.1)

43.3 (37.5,49.3)

58.4 (52.4,64.2)

26.8 (21.6,32.7)

 Child variables

Child sex

   Male

2809 (50.0)

68.4 (65.9,70.9)

70.3 (67.6,72.8)

49.8 (46.9,52.6)

   Female

2734 (48.6)

70.1 (67.8,72.4)

72.8 (70.2,75.2)

53.0 (50.6,55.4)

   Missing

79 (1.4)

   

Birth order

   1st

1984 (35.3)

66.2 (63.0,69.2)

69.8 (66.9,72.6)

47.4 (44.1,50.7)

   2nd

2970 (52.8)

71.2 (68.6,73.6)

72.5 (69.9,74.9)

53.5 (50.8,56.1)

   3rd or higher

588 (10.5)

70.4 (65.0,75.2)

72.3 (67.1,76.8)

54.3 (49.0,59.5)

   Missing

79 (1.4)

   

Perceived size at birth

   Larger than average

727 (12.9)

65.8 (61.4,69.9)

72.8 (67.6,77.5)

48.9 (43.7,54.2)

   Average

2893 (51.5)

70.9 (68.4,73.3)

72.2 (69.7,74.6)

52.7 (50.0,55.4)

   Smaller than average

1903 (33.9)

68.2 (64.6,71.6)

69.9 (66.7,72.9)

50.3 (46.7,53.8)

   DK or missing

99 (1.8)

   
  1. ** 257 unweighted missing cases (4.38%) were assumed not breastfed with one hour
  2. *** 249 unweighted missing cases (4.52%) were assumed not given any prelacteal feed