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Table 4 Determinants of exclusive breastfeeding in Ethiopia, 2000–2016

From: Trends and determinants of early initiation of breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding in Ethiopia from 2000 to 2016

Variables

2000

2005

2011

2016

2000–2016

p for trend

aaOR (95% CI)

aaOR (95% CI)

aaOR (95% CI)

aaOR (95% CI)

aaOR (95% CI)

Socioeconomic factors

 Maternal education

  No schooling

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

P < 0.001

  Primary school

0.89 (0.49, 1.59)

0.89 (0.53, 1.48)

0.90 (0.62, 1.33)

1.39 (0.88, 2.19)

0.98 (0.81, 1.20)

P = 0.003

  Secondary and higher

0.61 (0.19, 1.89)

0.69 (0.25, 1.95)

1.47 (0.59, 3.64)

1.48 (0.74, 2.97)

0.99 (0.68, 1.44)

P = 0.001

 Maternal employment

  No employment

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

P < 0.001

  Formal employment

1.56 (0.76, 3.20)

0.53 (0.25, 1.11)

1.03 (0.63, 1.69)

0.99 (0.58, 1.67)

0.94 (0.72, 1.21)

P = 0.004

  Informal employment

1.71 (1.17, 2.49)

1.06 (0.66, 1.71)

1.27 (0.89, 1.82)

1.14 (0.74, 1.75)

1.37 (1.15, 1.63)

P = 0.011

 Household wealth index

  Poor

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

P = 0.001

  Middle

0.72 (0.47, 1.09)

1.93 (1.22, 3.06)

1.43 (0.97, 2.12)

1.03 (0.61, 1.72)

1.21 (1.04, 1.53)

P < 0.001

  Rich

1.00 (0.67, 1.48)

1.54 (0.99, 2.38)

1.02 (0.65, 1.59)

0.85 (0.51, 1.42)

1.20 (0.99, 1.45)

P < 0.001

Demographic factors

 Maternal age

  15–24 years

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

P < 0.001

  25–34 years

0.81 (0.52, 1.26)

1.03 (0.66, 1.60)

0.86 (0.59, 1.25)

1.04 (0.68, 1.59)

0.87 (0.72, 1.05)

P < 0.001

  35–49 years

0.97 (0.51, 1.82)

1.13 (0.60, 2.11)

0.80 (0.47, 1.37)

1.22 (0.64, 2.33)

0.91 (0.69, 1.20)

P = 0.653

 Birth order

  One

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

P < 0.001

  2–4

0.70 (0.42, 1.27)

0.83 (0.49, 1.41)

0.99 (0.62, 1.57)

1.34 (0.84, 2.13)

0.95 (0.76, 1.20)

P < 0.001

  5+

0.55 (0.29, 1.04)

0.96 (0.50, 1.87)

0.71 (0.40, 1.26)

1.09 (0.56, 2.10)

0.85 (0.63, 1.15)

P = 0.035

 Family size

   ≤ 3

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

P = 0.001

  4–5

1.89 (1.00, 3.55)

1.32 (0.72, 2.41)

1.86 (1.09, 3.17)

1.01 (0.55, 1.85)

1.36 (1.04, 1.79)

P < 0.001

  6+

2.61 (1.38, 4.94)

1.19 (0.63, 2.25)

2.09 (1.18, 3.67)

1.01 (0.54, 1.89)

1.46 (1.10, 1.93)

P < 0.001

 Listening radio

  No

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

P < 0.001

  Yes

1.00 (0.67, 1.52)

0.81 (0.56, 1.17)

1.10 (0.80, 1.52)

0.72 (0.47, 1.10)

0.90 (0.76, 1.06)

P < 0.001

Health service factors

 Antenatal visit

  None

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

P = 0.018

  1–3 visits

0.69 (0.45, 1.08)

0.97 (0.66, 1.43)

0.93 (0.64, 1.35)

1.63 (1.06, 2.49)

0.97 (0.80, 1.17)

P < 0.001

  4+ visits

0.86 (0.44, 1.71)

0.71 (0.39, 1.28)

0.77 (0.45, 1.30)

2.26 (1.46, 3.50)

1.01 (0.79, 1.30)

P < 0.001

 Timing of postnatal checkup

  None

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

P = 0.145

  Within a week

0.67 (0.33, 1.33)

1.11 (0.43, 2.85)

1.25 (0.29, 5.31)

0.92 (0.40, 2.10)

0.84 (0.57, 1.22)

–

  After a week

0.76 (0.23, 2.47)

0.87 (0.30, 2.49)

0.81 (0.23, 2.84)

0.54 (0.23, 1.29)

0.69 (0.41, 1.16)

P < 0.001

Community level factors

 Place of residence

  Urban

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

P < 0.001

  Rural

0.77 (0.40, 1.49)

0.81 (0.38, 1.70)

1.01 (0.51, 2.00)

1.32 (0.76, 2.31)

1.08 (0.80, 1.45)

P < 0.001

 Region of residence

  Large central regions

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

P < 0.001

  Small peripheral regions

0.24 (0.16, 0.38)

0.30 (0.19, 0.49)

0.27 (0.18, 0.40)

0.66 (0.44, 0.90)

0.37 (0.31, 0.45)

P = 0.015

  Metropolis

0.16 (0.09, 0.30)

0.37 (0.18, 0.76)

0.56 (0.33, 0.95)

0.83 (0.54, 1.28)

0.46 (0.36, 0.58)

P < 0.001

  1. aaORs of socioeconomic factors were adjusted for demographic, health service and community level factors; aORs of demographic factors were adjusted for socioeconomic, health service and community level factors; aORs of health service factors were adjusted for socioeconomic, demographic, and community level factors; aORs of community level factors were adjusted for socioeconomic, demographic, and health service