Table 2 Factors associated with early initiation and exclusive breastfeeding in Malawi: results from unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression models
Variable | Early initiation of breastfeeding (n = 6351) | Exclusive breastfeeding (n = 1619) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p-value | aORb (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | aORc (95% CI) | p-value | |
Child age (months)a | ||||||||
0 ~ 2 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
3 ~ 5 | 1.35 (1.02, 1.80) | 0.038 | 1.28 (0.95, 1.73) | 0.104 | 0.24 (0.18, 0.30) | < 0.001 | 0.24 (0.18, 0.30) | < 0.001 |
6 ~ 23 | 1.35 (1.08, 1.70) | 0.008 | 1.32 (1.05, 1.66) | 0.018 | – | – | – | |
Child sex | ||||||||
Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Female | 0.89 (0.76, 1.05) | 0.183 | 0.88 (0.74, 1.04) | 0.144 | 1.21 (0.94, 1.55) | 0.131 | 1.14 (0.86, 1.50) | 0.367 |
Woman’s age | ||||||||
15–24 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
25–34 | 0.99 (0.84, 1.18) | 0.962 | 1.16 (0.90, 1.50) | 0.237 | 0.83 (0.55, 1.26) | 0.382 | ||
≥35 | 1.14 (0.88, 1.47) | 0.327 | 1.52 (1.08, 2.16) | 0.017 | 0.99 (0.54, 1.79) | 0.967 | ||
Marital status | ||||||||
Unmarried | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Married | 0.92 (0.76, 1.13) | 0.443 | 1.10 (0.79, 1.54) | 0.560 | ||||
Education | ||||||||
No formal Edu. | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Primary Edu | 0.96 (0.73, 1.26) | 0.757 | 1.02 (0.76, 1.35) | 0.909 | 0.87 (0.61, 1.24) | 0.431 | 0.91 (0.60, 1.38) | 0.647 |
Secondary + | 0.69 (0.51, 0.94) | 0.018 | 1.05 (0.75, 1.48) | 0.769 | 1.46 (0.94, 2.26) | 0.090 | 1.59 (0.92, 2.76) | 0.099 |
Occupation | ||||||||
Unemployed | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Employed | 0.92 (0.76, 1.10) | 0.346 | 0.98 (0.76, 1.25) | 0.869 | ||||
Wealth | ||||||||
Poor | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Middle | 1.02 (0.82, 1.27) | 0.862 | 1.02 (0.81, 1.28) | 0.896 | 1.22 (0.88, 1.69) | 0.226 | 1.16 (0.81, 1.66) | 0.405 |
Rich | 0.69 (0.57, 0.83) | < 0.001 | 0.91 (0.74, 1.12) | 0.363 | 1.41 (1.04, 1.91) | 0.026 | 1.02 (0.71, 1.47) | 0.911 |
Region | ||||||||
Northern | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Central | 0.63 (0.50, 0.79) | < 0.001 | 0.59 (0.47, 0.76) | < 0.001 | 1.60 (1.09, 2.34) | 0.015 | 1.74 (1.19, 2.53) | 0.004 |
Southern | 0.98 (0.79, 1.21) | 0.818 | 0.94 (0.75, 1.17) | 0.578 | 1.27 (0.89, 1.78) | 0.176 | 1.37 (0.97, 1.94) | 0.077 |
Residence | ||||||||
Urban | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Rural | 2.17 (1.71, 2.75) | < 0.001 | 1.98 (1.50, 2.60) | < 0.001 | 0.66 (0.42, 1.02) | 0.061 | 0.69 (0.42, 1.12) | 0.130 |
Number of children | ||||||||
Primipara | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Secundipara | 1.32 (1.05, 1.65) | 0.015 | 1.34 (1.06, 1.67) | 0.011 | 1.02 (0.73, 1.43) | 0.910 | 0.94 (0.66, 1.38) | 0.799 |
Multipara | 1.27 (1.05, 1.56) | 0.014 | 1.21 (0.99, 1.51) | 0.093 | 1.43 (1.08, 1.67) | 0.021 | 1.54 (1.14, 3.00) | 0.009 |
Media exposure | ||||||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Yes | 0.92 (0.78, 1.08) | 0.316 | 1.31 (1.02, 1.69) | 0.037 | 1.14 (0.85, 1.54) | 0.379 | ||
Place of delivery | ||||||||
Non-health facility | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Health facility | 1.51 (1.14, 2.01) | 0.004** | 1.78 (1.10, 2.88) | 0.018 | 0.96 (0.60, 1.54) | 0.873 | ||
Number of ANC visits | ||||||||
Inadequate | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Adequate | 0.99 (0.83, 1.17) | 0.909 | 1.05 (0.82, 1.33) | 0.706 | ||||
ANC attendant | ||||||||
Unskilled | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Skilled | 0.88 (0.64, 1.22) | 0.444 | 1.07 (0.61, 1.87) | 0.812 | ||||
Birth attendant | ||||||||
Unskilled | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Skilled | 1.33 (1.02, 1.74) | 0.035 | 1.05 (0.66, 1.67) | 0.825 | 0.95 (0.64, 1.42) | 0.815 | ||
Mode of delivery | ||||||||
Caesarean section | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 100 | ||||
Vaginal delivery | 3.52 (2.71, 4.59) | < 0.001 | 3.15 (2.40, 4.13) | < 0.001 | 0.64 (0.39, 1.07) | 0.088 | 0.87 (0.50, 1.51) | 0.624 |
Birth type | ||||||||
Twin/multiple | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Singleton | 2.33 (1.43, 3.79) | 0.001 | 1.96 (1.19, 3.24) | 0.007 | 1.52 (0.63, 3.67) | 0.355 | ||
Size of child at birth | ||||||||
Small | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Average | 1.17 (0.93, 1.46) | 0.175 | 1.19 (0.95, 1.49) | 0.126 | 0.89 (0.62, 1.29) | 0.532 | ||
Large | 0.88 (0.69, 1.12) | 0.319 | 0.93 (0.73, 1.20) | 0.588 | 0.79 (0.53, 1.19) | 0.258 | ||