Table 1 Distribution of study characteristics
Variable | Early initiation of breastfeeding (n = 6351) | Exclusive breastfeeding (n = 1619) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No (n = 1462) n (%) | Yes(n = 4889) n (%) | p-valuea | No(n = 628) n (%) | Yes (n = 991) n (%) | p-valuea | |
Child age (months)b | 0.021 | < 0.001 | ||||
0 ~ 2 | 228 (28.0) | 586 (72.0) | 184 (22.6) | 630 (77.4) | ||
3 ~ 5 | 179 (22.3) | 626 (77.7) | 444 (55.2) | 361 (48.8) | ||
6 ~ 23 | 1055 (22.3) | 3677 (77.7) | - | – | ||
Child sex | 0.183 | 0.131 | ||||
Male | 704 (22.0) | 2493 (78.0) | 328 (41.1) | 470 (58.9) | ||
Female | 758 (24.0) | 2396 (76.0) | 300 (36.5) | 521 (63.5) | ||
Woman’s age | 0.518 | 0.056 | ||||
15–24 | 675 (23.3) | 2216 (76.7) | 336 (41.4) | 475 (58.6) | ||
25–34 | 582 (23.4) | 1905 (76.6) | 222 (37.8) | 365 (62.2) | ||
≥35 | 205 (21.1) | 768 (78.9) | 70 (31.7) | 151 (68.3) | ||
Marital status | 0.443 | 0.559 | ||||
Unmarried | 218 (21.9) | 782 (78.1) | 88 (40.9) | 127 (59.1) | ||
Married | 1244 (23.2) | 4107 (76.8) | 540 (38.5) | 864 (61.5) | ||
Education | 0.004 | 0.006 | ||||
No Education | 160 (21.1) | 600 (78.9) | 80 (38.3) | 127 (61.7) | ||
Primary Edu | 927 (21.8) | 3320 (78.2) | 445 (41.8) | 621 (58.2) | ||
Secondary + | 375 (27.9) | 969 (72.1) | 103 (29.9) | 243 (70.1) | ||
Occupation | 0.346 | 0.869 | ||||
Unemployed | 448 (22.0) | 1590 (78.0) | 231 (38.5) | 369 (61.5) | ||
Employed | 1014 (23.5) | 3299 (76.5) | 397 (39.0) | 622 (61.0) | ||
Wealth | < 0.001 | 0.059 | ||||
Poor | 639 (20.9) | 2426 (79.1) | 326 (42.4) | 442 (57.6) | ||
Middle | 253 (20.5) | 978 (79.5) | 116 (37.6) | 193 (62.4) | ||
Rich | 570 (27.7) | 1485 (72.3) | 186 (34.3) | 356 (65.7) | ||
Region | < 0.001 | 0.053 | ||||
Northern | 142 (19.4) | 593 (80.6) | 83 (46.1) | 97 (53.9) | ||
Central | 740 (27.6) | 1940 (72.4) | 221 (34.8) | 415 (65.2) | ||
Southern | 580 (19.8) | 2356 (80.2) | 324 (40.3) | 479 (59.7) | ||
Residence | < 0.001 | 0.060 | ||||
Urban | 317 (36.4) | 554 (63.6) | 71 (30.6) | 161 (69.4) | ||
Rural | 1145 (20.9) | 4335 (79.1) | 557 (40.2) | 830 (59.8) | ||
Number of children | 0.018 | 0.019 | ||||
Primipara | 449 (26.4) | 1254 (73.6) | 190 (43.1) | 250 (56.9) | ||
Secundipara | 281 (21.3) | 1037 (78.7) | 154 (42.7) | 207 (57.3) | ||
Multipara | 732 (22.0) | 2598 (78.0) | 284 (34.7) | 534 (65.3) | ||
Media exposure | 0.316 | 0.037 | ||||
No | 947 (22.5) | 3259 (77.5) | 433 (41.0) | 623 (59.0) | ||
Yes | 515 (24.0) | 1629 (76.0) | 195 (34.7) | 368 (65.3) | ||
Place of delivery | 0.004 | 0.873 | ||||
Non-health facility | 135 (30.6) | 307 (69.5) | 44 (37.9) | 72 (62.1) | ||
Health facility | 1327 (22.5) | 4582 (77.5) | 584 (38.8) | 919 (61.2) | ||
Number of ANC visits | 0.909 | 0.706 | ||||
Inadequate | 753 (22.9) | 2531 (77.1) | 352 (39.3) | 543 (60.7) | ||
Adequate | 709 (23.1) | 2358 (76.9) | 276 (38.2) | 448 (61.8) | ||
ANC attendant | 0.444 | 0.812 | ||||
Unskilled | 63 (21.0) | 239 (79.0) | 32 (40.3) | 47 (59.7) | ||
Skilled | 1399 (23.1) | 4650 (76.9) | 596 (38.7) | 944 (61.3) | ||
Birth attendant | 0.035 | 0.815 | ||||
Unskilled | 156 (28.0) | 403 (72.0) | 58 (37.8) | 95 (62.2) | ||
Skilled | 1306 (22.6) | 4489 (77.4) | 570 (38.9) | 896 (61.1) | ||
Mode of delivery | < 0.001 | 0.085 | ||||
Caesarean section | 206 (48.7) | 218 (51.3) | 36 (29.6) | 86 (70.4) | ||
Vaginal delivery | 1256 (21.2) | 4671 (78.8) | 592 (39.5) | 905 (60.5) | ||
Birth type | < 0.001 | 0.351 | ||||
Twin/multiple | 40 (40.7) | 59 (59.3) | 15 (48.8) | 16 (51.2) | ||
Singleton | 1422 (22.7) | 4830 (77.3) | 613 (38.6) | 975 (61.4) | ||
Size of child at birth | 0.005 | 0.463 | ||||
Small | 232 (23.6) | 752 (76.4) | 95 (35.4) | 173 (64.6) | ||
Average | 676 (20.9) | 2553 (79.1) | 320 (38.3) | 514 (61.7) | ||
Large | 554 (25.9) | 1584 (74.1) | 213 (41.2) | 304 (58.8) | ||