Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of 229 mothers with gestational diabetes and their infants
Characteristics | Mean ± SD or n (%) |
|---|---|
Age (years) | 33.2 ± 5.1 |
Marital status | |
Single | 2 (0.9) |
Married | 222 (96.9) |
Separated | 5 (2.2) |
Educational level (n = 224) | |
Primary school | 21 (9.4) |
High school | 76 (33.9) |
Bachelor degree or higher | 127 (56.7) |
Occupation | |
Housewife | 54 (23.6) |
Employee | 128 (55.9) |
Government officer | 14 (6.1) |
Private business owner | 33 (14.4) |
Maternity leave (months, n = 228) | |
No limit (housewife) | 54 (23.7) |
No leave | 49 (21.5) |
1 months | 3 (1.3) |
1.5 months | 9 (3.9) |
2 months | 13 (5.7) |
3 months | 100 (43.9) |
Family earnings (THB/month) | |
< 10,000 | 37 (16.2) |
10,000-50,000 | 167 (72.9) |
> 50,000 | 25 (10.9) |
Primiparity | 107 (46.2) |
Pre-pregnancy body mass index | |
Normal | 139 (60.7) |
Overweight | 53 (23.1) |
Obese | 37 (16.2) |
Pre-pregnancy body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.5 ± 5.2 |
Gestational weight gain (kg, n = 228) | 11.5 ± 4.9 |
Gestational age at delivery (weeks) | 37.8 ± 2.2 |
Cesarean section delivery | 106 (46.3) |
Inversion or retraction of nipple (n = 227) | 40 (17.6) |
Infants with severe tongue tie (n = 219) | 41 (18.7) |
Completed 6-month EBF in prior infant (n = 87) | 35 (40.2) |
Completed 6-month any breastfeeding in prior infant (n = 79) | 49 (62.0) |
Intention time to breastfeed in index pregnancy (n = 214) | 5.7 ± 3.1 |
Intention to breastfeed at least 6 months postpartum (n = 214) | 147 (68.7) |
Contraceptive method (n = 227) | |
Non-hormonal contraception | 107 (47.1) |
Progestin-only contraception | 106 (46.7) |
Combined hormonal contraception | 14 (6.2) |