Table 1 Correlates of exclusive breastfeeding practices in rural and urban Niger: a community-based cross-sectional study
Variable | Urban | p - value | Rural | p - value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EBF (n = 37) n (%) | Non-EBF (n = 197) n (%) | EBF (n = 154) n (%) | Non-EBF (n = 129) n (%) | |||
Sex of infant | ||||||
 Male | 25 (67.6) | 99 (50.3) |  | 79 (51.3) | 58 (45.0) |  |
 Female | 12 (32.4) | 98 (49.7) | 0.053 | 75 (48.7) | 71 (55.0) | 0.288 |
Infant’s age | ||||||
 0-1 m | 6 (16.2) | 23 (11.7) |  | 6 (3.9) | 3 (2.3) |  |
 1-2 m | 9 (24.3) | 26 (13.2) |  | 19 (12.3) | 11 (8.5) |  |
 2-3 m | 4 (10.8) | 30 (15.2) |  | 19 (12.3) | 16 (12.4) |  |
 3-4 m | 11 (29.7) | 31 (15.7) |  | 26 (16.9) | 27 (20.9) |  |
 4-5 m | 3 (8.1) | 26 (13.2) |  | 40 (26.0) | 36 (27.9) |  |
 5-6 m | 4 (10.8) | 31 (15.7) |  | 25 (16.2) | 14 (10.9) |  |
 6 − 7 m | 0 (0.0) | 30 (15.2) | 0.160a | 19 (12.3) | 22 (17.1) | 0.484a |
Mother’s age | ||||||
  <  30 | 26 (70.3) | 131 (66.5) |  | 110 (71.4) | 106 (82.2) |  |
  ≥ 30 | 11 (29.7) | 66 (33.5) | 0.654 | 44 (28.6) | 23 (17.8) | 0.034 |
Mother’s education | ||||||
 No education | 20 (54.1) | 90 (45.7) |  | 141 (91.6) | 108 (83.7) |  |
 Any education | 14 (37.8) | 100 (50.8) |  | 13 (8.4) | 21 (16.3) |  |
 Unknown | 3 (8.1) | 7 (3.6) | 0.219 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.043 |
Father’s education | ||||||
 No education | 19 (51.4) | 85 (43.1) |  | 126 (81.8) | 89 (69.0) |  |
 Any education | 15 (40.5) | 96 (48.7) |  | 26 (16.9) | 39 (30.2) |  |
 Unknown | 3 (8.1) | 16 (8.1) | 0.340 | 2 (1.3) | 1 (0.8) | 0.008 |
Mother’s job | ||||||
 Housewife | 24 (64.9) | 144 (73.1) |  | 130 (84.4) | 110 (85.3) |  |
 Agriculture/Self-employed | 7 (18.9) | 31 (15.7) |  | 20 (13.0) | 19 (14.7) |  |
 Employee | 4 (10.8) | 13 (6.6) |  | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) |  |
 Others | 2 (5.4) | 9 (4.6) |  | 2 (1.3) | 0 (0.0) |  |
 Unknown | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.730 | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0.446 |
Father’s job | ||||||
 Famer | 1 (2.7) | 3 (1.5) |  | 147 (95.5) | 117 (90.7) |  |
 Self-employed | 26 (70.3) | 123 (62.4) |  | 3 (1.9) | 9 (7.0) |  |
 Employee | 6 (16.2) | 57 (28.9) |  | 2 (1.3) | 1 (0.8) |  |
 Others | 4 (10.8) | 14 (7.1) |  | 1 (0.6) | 2 (1.6) |  |
 Unknown | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.395 | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0.167 |
Wealth index | ||||||
 Lower | 16 (43.2) | 107 (54.3) |  | 91 (59.1) | 49 (38.0) |  |
 Higher | 21 (56.8) | 90 (45.7) | 0.216 | 63 (40.9) | 80 (62.0) | <  0.001 |
Parity | ||||||
 1 | 8 (21.6) | 47 (23.9) |  | 13 (8.4) | 26 (20.2) |  |
 2–3 | 19 (51.4) | 75 (38.1) |  | 43 (27.9) | 38 (29.5) |  |
 4–6 | 9 (24.3) | 56 (28.4) |  | 52 (33.8) | 40 (31.0) |  |
 -7 | 1 (2.7) | 19 (9.6) | 0.329b | 46 (29.9) | 25 (19.4) | 0.004b |
Child death | ||||||
 Yes | 2 (5.4) | 35 (17.8) |  | 67 (43.5) | 36 (27.9) |  |
 No | 35 (94.6) | 162 (82.2) | 0.059 | 87 (56.5) | 93 (72.1) | 0.007 |
Antenatal care | ||||||
 Yes | 37 (100.0) | 196 (99.5) |  | 138 (89.6) | 116 (89.9) |  |
 No | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.5) |  | 15 (9.7) | 13 (10.1) |  |
 Unknown | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.664 | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0.939 |
Place of delivery | ||||||
 Health facilities | 34 (91.9) | 184 (93.4) |  | 103 (66.9) | 103 (79.8) |  |
 Home | 3 (8.1) | 13 (6.6) |  | 48 (31.2) | 25 (19.4) |  |
 Others | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |  | 2 (1.3) | 1 (0.8) |  |
 Unknown | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.739 | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0.061 |
Type of birth attendant | ||||||
 Professional | 34 (91.9) | 184 (93.4) |  | 108 (70.1) | 105 (81.4) |  |
 TBA | 0 (0.0) | 4 (2.0) |  | 27 (17.5) | 8 (6.2) |  |
 No professional | 3 (8.1) | 9 (4.6) |  | 17 (11.0) | 15 (11.6) |  |
 Unknown | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.468 | 2 (1.3) | 1 (0.8) | 0.014 |
Problems with delivery | ||||||
 Normal | 31 (83.8) | 187 (94.9) |  | 151 (98.1) | 124 (96.1) |  |
 Caesarean and others | 6 (16.2) | 10 (5.1) | 0.014 | 3 (1.9) | 5 (3.9) | 0.330 |
Postnatal carec | ||||||
 Yes | 18 (81.8) | 133 (89.9) |  | 111 (86.0) | 98 (85.2) |  |
 No | 1 (4.5) | 9 (6.1) |  | 17 (13.2) | 16 (13.9) |  |
 Unknown | 3 (13.6) | 6 (4.1) | 0.855 | 1 (0.8) | 1 (0.9) | 0.865 |
Colostrum | ||||||
 Yes | 37 (100.0) | 194 (98.5) |  | 152 (98.7) | 125 (96.9) |  |
 No | 0 (0.0) | 3 (1.5) | 0.450 | 2 (1.3) | 4 (3.1) | 0.295 |
Initiation of Breastfeeding | ||||||
 Within 1 h | 25 (67.6) | 137 (69.5) |  | 147 (95.5) | 109 (84.5) |  |
 After 1 h | 12 (32.4) | 60 (30.5) |  | 7 (4.5) | 19 (14.7) |  |
 Unknown | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.811 | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.8) | 0.003 |